The federal systems of India and the USA are different in all the following respects, except

The federal systems of India and the USA differ in several key aspects. In India, representation in the Upper House (Rajya Sabha) is based on population, whereas the US Senate provides equal representation to all states regardless of size [1]. Regarding citizenship, India maintains a single citizenship for the entire Union, while the USA follows a dual citizenship model where individuals are citizens of both the nation and their specific state [3]. Furthermore, India has an integrated judicial system, unlike the USA, which employs a dual system of courts where federal and state laws are adjudicated by separate hierarchies. However, both nations share the fundamental feature of a dual government, consisting of a central (federal) authority and various state governments, which is a core characteristic of any federal structure. Thus, dual government is the common feature among the options provided.

Sources

1. [1] Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 14: Federal System > 5. No Equality of State Representation > p. 140
2. [3] Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: LEGISLATURE > WHY DO WE NEED TWO HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT? > p. 105