Liquids and gases never show

Diamagnetism is a universal property exhibited by all matter, including liquids and gases, as it arises from the orbital motion of electrons. Paramagnetism is also observed in liquids (e.g., liquid oxygen) and gases where atoms or molecules possess permanent magnetic moments that align with an external field. However, ferromagnetism requires a strong quantum mechanical exchange interaction between neighboring atoms to create spontaneous alignment into magnetic domains [1]. This ordering is highly dependent on the close, fixed proximity of atoms found in specific crystalline solids like iron, nickel, and cobalt [2]. In liquids and gases, the high thermal motion and lack of rigid structure prevent the formation of these stable magnetic domains. Consequently, while liquids and gases can be diamagnetic or paramagnetic, they never naturally exhibit ferromagnetic properties.

Sources

1. [1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/diamagnetic-material
2. [2] Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 7: Particulate Nature of Matter > Snapshots > p. 113