Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred. 1. Across different species of plants 2. From animals to plants 3. From microorganisms to higher organisms Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Recombinant DNA technology, or genetic engineering, enables the transfer of genetic material across biological boundaries that cannot be crossed through natural mating [1]. This technology allows for the insertion of genes across different species of plants, overcoming sexual barriers to transfer traits like herbicide tolerance [2]. It also facilitates gene transfer from animals to plants; for instance, traits from any living organism can be physically transferred into a plant host. Furthermore, the technology is widely used to transfer genes from microorganisms to higher organisms [1]. A prominent example is Bt cotton, where genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis are inserted into the cotton plant to provide pest resistance [2]. Because genetic engineering is not bound by phylogenetic distance, it allows for the stable acquisition of genetic material from diverse sources, including bacteria, viruses, and animals, into higher plant or animal hosts.

Sources

1. [1] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) CROPS > p. 301
2. [2] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > 11.8 Genetically Modified (GM) Crops > p. 342