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With reference to the religious history of medieval India, the Sufi mystics were known to pursue which of the following practices? 1. Meditation and control of breath 2. Severe ascetic exercises in a lonely place 3. Recitation of holy songs to arouse a state of ecstasy in their audience Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Explanation
Sufi mystics in medieval India practiced a variety of spiritual disciplines to achieve communion with God. Firstly, they employed meditation (muraqabah) and breath control, often influenced by local yogic traditions, to focus their attention solely on the Divine [5]. Secondly, Sufis engaged in severe ascetic exercises (zuhd) and self-denial, frequently retreating to lonely places or individual cells to foster spiritual growth undisturbed [6]. Thirdly, the practice of 'sama' or 'audition' involved the recitation of holy songs and mystical music, such as qawwali, to arouse a state of spiritual ecstasy (wajad) in the audience [2]. These practices, including dhikr (remembrance of God), were central to orders like the Chishtis, who integrated indigenous devotional modes into their mystical framework to promote the purification of the inner self [3].
Sources
- [5] https://undergraduatescr.lagosstate.gov.ng/browse/6k49Tl/9OK169/SufismApWorldHistory.pdf
- [3] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > 13.3 Impact of Sufism > p. 192
- [6] https://ia600903.us.archive.org/8/items/byDrFaridaKhanam/Sufism-An-Introduction.pdf
- [1] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > The pilgrimage of the Mughal princess Jahanara, 1643 > p. 157
- [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > Amir Khusrau and the qaul > p. 158