With reference to the scientific progress of ancient India, which of the statements given below are correct ? 1. Different kinds of specialized surgical instruments were in common use by 1st century AD. 2. Transplant of internal organs in the human body had begun by the beginning of 3rd century AD. 3. The concept of sine of an angle was known in 5th century AD. 4. The concept of cyclic quadrilaterals was known in 7th century AD. Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

Ancient Indian scientific progress was marked by significant milestones. The Sushruta Samhita, dated between 600 BCE and the early centuries AD, describes over 120 specialized surgical instruments and 300 procedures, confirming their use by the 1st century AD. While ancient texts mention complex procedures like rhinoplasty and skin grafting, the claim of internal organ transplants by the 3rd century AD is historically unsupported in a modern medical sense [2]. In mathematics, Aryabhata's 5th-century work, the Aryabhatiya, introduced the concept of the sine (jya) of an angle [2]. Furthermore, the 7th-century mathematician Brahmagupta, in his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, provided the formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral and established its properties. Thus, statements 1, 3, and 4 are historically accurate, while statement 2 is not.

Sources

1. [2] Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: Earth, Moon, and the Sun > FASCINATING FACTS > p. 175