The seeds of flowering plants are made up of

In flowering plants, a seed is a mature, fertilized ovule that serves as the primary unit of reproduction [2]. A typical seed consists of three fundamental components: the embryo, food reserves, and a protective seed coat [2]. The embryo is the immature plant that develops from the zygote after fertilization [2]. The food reserves, often stored in the form of endosperm or within the cotyledons, provide the necessary nutrients (such as starches and proteins) for the embryo during the initial stages of germination [1]. The seed coat, or testa, develops from the integuments of the ovule to protect the internal structures from environmental stress. While the ovary wall develops into the fruit, it is not a component of the seed itself. Thus, the combination of the embryo, nutrient supply, and outer coat defines the seed structure.

Sources

1. [1] https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/seed_certification/seed%20tech%20agri%20index/seedconcepts.html
2. [2] Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: How do Organisms Reproduce? > 7.3.2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants > p. 121