Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? 1. Permanent Settlement : Lord Cornwallis 2. Ryotwari Settlement : Thomas Munro 3. Mahalwari Settlement : Holt Mackenzie Select the correct answer using the code given below.

The British introduced three major land revenue systems in India. The Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, where revenue was fixed in perpetuity with zamindars [3]. The Ryotwari Settlement was developed by Alexander Read and Thomas Munro; it was implemented in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies starting around 1820, establishing a direct settlement with the individual cultivators (ryots) [2]. The Mahalwari Settlement was devised by Holt Mackenzie in 1822, primarily for the North-Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency. Under this system, the unit of assessment was the village or estate (Mahal). Since all three pairs correctly match the specific land revenue system with the primary British official associated with its inception or major implementation, option 4 is correct.

Sources

1. [3] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Lord Cornwallis, Governor General of Bengal (1786 – 1793) and the Permanent Settlement of Revenue Administration: > p. 190
2. [1] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
3. [2] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.2 Land Tenures: Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari Settlement > p. 266