Which of the following soils is most common in the Northern Plain ?

Alluvial soil is the most common and widely distributed soil type in the Northern Plains of India. These plains are formed by the depositional work of three major Himalayan river systems: the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra [1]. Alluvial soil covers approximately 40% to 43% of India's total land area and is predominantly found in the Indo-Gangetic plains, extending from Punjab to West Bengal and Assam [5]. It is characterized by its high fertility and is rich in potash and lime, though generally poor in nitrogen [5]. In contrast, Regur (black soil) is primarily found in the Deccan Plateau [2], Red soil occurs in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan [4], and Laterite soil is typical of areas with high temperatures and heavy rainfall [t2]. The Northern Plain's monotonous flatness is defined by these fluvial deposits, categorized into Khadar (new) and Bhangar (old) alluvium [5].

Sources

1. [1] NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe > Alluvial Soils > p. 9
2. [3] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 6: Soils > Table 6.1 > p. 6
3. [5] NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe > Red and Yellow Soils > p. 11
4. [2] https://www.britannica.com/place/Indo-Gangetic-Plain
5. [4] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 6: Soils > 3. Black or Regur Soils > p. 11