Which of the following statements about Gandhiji’s Hind Swaraj written in 1909 is/are true ? 1. Hind Swaraj offers a civilizational concept of the Indian nation. 2. Hind Swaraj states that Parliamentary democracy was necessary for the amelioration of the sufferings of Indians. 3. Hind Swaraj argues that Industrial capitalism was responsible for the immorality of society. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

In 'Hind Swaraj' (1909), Mahatma Gandhi presents a civilizational concept of the Indian nation, arguing that India existed as a unified cultural entity long before British imperial rule. He critiques modern Western civilization as a 'false consciousness' that promotes industrial capitalism, which he identifies as a source of societal immorality and human greed. Gandhi explicitly rejects the necessity of parliamentary democracy for India's amelioration, famously describing the British Parliament as a 'sterile woman' and a 'prostitute' in the text, and arguing that Western-style representative systems were undemocratic in a colonial context [4]. Instead, he advocated for 'Ramrajya'—a decentralized self-governing utopia that did not rely on Western constitutional structures or industrial systems [2]. Thus, statements 1 and 3 are true, while statement 2 is false.

Sources

1. [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 19: Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conferences > Ideological Differences and Similarities between Gandhi and Ambedkar > p. 396
2. [4] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 22: Nationalist Response in the Wake of World War II > Form of Government > p. 424
3. [2] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 22: Nationalist Response in the Wake of World War II > Ideas on Economy > p. 426