Which of the following statements with regard to the Federal System is/are correct ? 1. In a federation, two sets of governments co- exist and there is distribution of power. 2. There is a written constitution, Select the correct answer using the code given below :

A federal system is fundamentally characterized by the coexistence of two sets of governments—a national (central) government and regional (state) governments—where each is autonomous within its own sphere [3]. This dual government structure necessitates a clear distribution of powers, typically defined by a constitution to ensure that neither level of government is subordinate to the other [2]. Furthermore, a written constitution is considered an essential feature of a federation because it serves as the source of authority for both levels of government and provides a rigid framework that prevents unilateral changes to the power-sharing agreement [t2][t3]. The constitution acts as the supreme law, ensuring the legal supremacy required to maintain the division of powers and the federal balance [2][t6]. Therefore, both statements correctly describe the essential attributes of a federal system.

Sources

1. [1] Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: FEDERALISM > WHAT IS FEDERALISM? > p. 154
2. [3] Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 14: Federal System > Federal System > p. 137
3. [2] Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 5: NATURE OF THE FEDERAL SYSTEM > NATURE OF THE FEDERAL SYSTEM > p. 59