Which of the following was/were the essence of the peace-building efforts of the United Nations from 1980s onwards? . 1. To resolve underlying disputes between the belligerents 2. To monitor arms control agreements 3. Providing development assis- tance to maintain peace Select the correct answer using the code given below.

From the late 1980s and early 1990s, United Nations peacebuilding evolved into a multidimensional practice aimed at addressing the root causes of conflict. Unlike traditional peacekeeping, which focused on monitoring ceasefires and arms control agreements (a role established much earlier), peacebuilding's essence is to resolve underlying disputes between belligerents to prevent a relapse into violence. While development is recognized as a vital precondition for long-term peace, the specific 'peacebuilding' mandate as it emerged in the 1990s was primarily focused on political transitions, state-building, and resolving the core grievances of the conflict parties [3]. Monitoring arms control (Statement 2) is a traditional peacekeeping function dating back to 1948, not the defining essence of the post-1980s peacebuilding shift. Therefore, only the resolution of underlying disputes captures the core intent of the peacebuilding framework.

Sources

1. [3] Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: International Organisations > India and the UN Reforms > p. 57