Which one of the following is the correct sequential phase in the successional development of vegetation community in a habitat?

The sequential phases of ecological succession, as first proposed by F.E. Clements in 1916, follow a predictable order: Nudation, Migration, Reaction, and Stabilization [1]. The process begins with Nudation, the creation of a bare area devoid of life due to topographic or climatic factors [1]. This is followed by Migration (or Invasion), where seeds, spores, or propagules from nearby areas reach the new habitat. Once established, the species undergo Ecesis and Competition, leading to Reaction, where the living organisms modify their physical environment (soil, water, light), often making it unsuitable for themselves but favorable for new species [1]. Finally, Stabilization occurs when the community reaches an equilibrium with the environment, resulting in a stable, self-sustaining climax community [1]. This directional change ensures the transition from simple pioneer stages to complex, mature ecosystems [2].

Sources

1. [1] http://www.kaliganjgovtcollege.ac.in/studyMaterial/01036Stages-of-Ecological-Succession.pdf
2. [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 2: Functions of an Ecosystem > 2.8. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION > p. 21