Who among the following has given the concept of Human Development?

The concept of Human Development was pioneered by the Pakistani economist Mahbub-ul-Haq [3]. In 1990, Dr. Haq created the Human Development Index (HDI) to provide an alternative to purely income-based measures of progress, shifting the focus of development toward enlarging people's choices and improving their quality of life [2]. While Nobel laureate Amartya Sen was a close friend and collaborator who contributed significantly to the conceptual framework through his 'capability approach,' Mahbub-ul-Haq is widely recognized as the 'intellectual father' and primary architect of the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) human development approach [1]. Since 1990, the UNDP has utilized Haq's concept to publish the annual Human Development Report, which ranks countries based on dimensions such as health, education, and standard of living [2].

Sources

1. [1] FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Human Development > Human Development > p. 14
2. [3] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 2: Economic Growth versus Economic Development > MAJOR INDICES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT > p. 24
3. [2] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 8: Inclusive growth and issues > 3. Human Development Index > p. 282