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Consider the following statements : 1. 'Bijak' is a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal. 2. The Philosophy of Pushti Marg was propounded by Madhvacharya. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explanation
The correct answer is option D - Neither statement 1 nor 2 is correct.
Bijak is the best-known compilation of the teachings of Kabir and not of Dadu Dayal.[1] Therefore, statement 1 is incorrect. Kabir was a 15th-century saint and poet who played a significant role in the Bhakti movement, and the Bijak contains his verses and teachings.
Regarding statement 2, the philosophy of Pushti Marg (The path of Grace) was propounded by Vallabhacharya (1479-1531).[2] In contrast, Madhavacharya propounded Dvaita or dualism.[2] Therefore, statement 2 is also incorrect. Pushti Marg emphasizes devotion and divine grace as the path to salvation, while Madhvacharya's Dvaita philosophy focused on the dualistic distinction between the soul and God.
Since both statements are incorrect, the answer is D.
SourcesPROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis is a classic 'Swap Trap' question where the examiner switches the attributes of two famous entities. It is 100% static history covered in NCERT Themes Part II and TN Board History. The strategy is simple: Memorize the 'Saint-Book-Philosophy' triad for all major Bhakti figures.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"'Bijak' is a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal."
Why this source?
- 'Bijak' is explicitly identified as a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal in this passage.
- This passage directly affirms the statement without qualification.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Bijak is the best-known compilation of the teachings of Kabir and not of Dadu Dayal."
Why this source?
- Explicitly contradicts the statement by identifying Bijak as the best-known compilation of Kabir's teachings, not Dadu Dayal's.
- Provides a clear refutation that directly conflicts with the supporting passage.
- 'Bijak' is explicitly identified as a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal in this passage.
- This passage directly affirms the statement without qualification.
- Explicitly contradicts the statement by identifying Bijak as the best-known compilation of Kabir's teachings, not Dadu Dayal's.
- Provides a clear refutation that directly conflicts with the supporting passage.
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > 8.1 Weaving a divine fabric: Kabir > p. 161
Strength: 5/5
“Kabir (c. fourteenth-fifteenth centuries) is perhaps one of the most outstanding examples of a poet-saint who emerged within this context. Historians have painstakingly tried to reconstruct his life and times through a study of compositions attributed to him as well as later hagiographies. Such exercises have proved to be challenging on a number of counts. Verses ascribed to Kabir have been compiled in three distinct but overlapping traditions. The Kabir Bijak is preserved by the Kabirpanth (the path or sect of Kabir) in Varanasi and elsewhere in Uttar Pradesh; the Kabir Granthavali is associated with the Dadupanth in Rajasthan, and many of his compositions are found in the Adi Granth Sahib (see Section 8.2).”
Why relevant
Mentions the 'Kabir Bijak' as a named compilation preserved by a specific sect (Kabirpanth) and distinguishes it from other compilations (Kabir Granthavali associated with Dadupanth).
How to extend
A student could use this pattern (Bijak as a named compilation linked to a particular saint/sect) plus knowledge of which sect preserves texts to check whether a 'Bijak' is associated with Dadu Dayal or his sect (Dadupanth).
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > Bhakti- Sufi Traditions Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional T tional Ttional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century) > p. 140
Strength: 4/5
“We saw in Chapter 4 that by the mid-first millennium CE the landscape of the subcontinent was dotted with a variety of religious structures – stupas, monasteries, temples. If these typified certain religious beliefs and practices, others have been reconstructed from textual traditions, including the Puranas, many of which received their present shape around the same time, and yet others remain only faintly visible in textual and visual records. New textual sources available from this period include compositions attributed to poet-saints, most of whom expressed themselves orally in regional languages used by ordinary people. These compositions, which were often set to music, were compiled by disciples or devotees, generally after the death of the poet-saint.”
Why relevant
States that compositions of poet-saints were often compiled by disciples or devotees, generally after the saint's death.
How to extend
Combine this rule with historical info on Dadu Dayal and his followers to see if his teachings were compiled posthumously into a work titled 'Bijak'.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 14: The Mughal Empire > Sikhism > p. 216
Strength: 3/5
“Sikhism originated as a popular monotheistic movement, and evolved into one of the recognized religions of the world. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of Sikhs, contained the sayings of Muslim saint Shaikh Farid and of Bhakti poets such as Namdev, Kabir, Sain and Ravidas. Guru Nanak believed in one God who was formless and omnipresent. He condemned image worship and religious rituals. He stressed ethical conduct, kindness to all human beings and condemned caste system.”
Why relevant
Shows the precedent that the sayings of various bhakti poets and saints were collected into authoritative compilations (e.g., sayings of Namdev, Kabir in Guru Granth Sahib).
How to extend
Use this general precedent to justify checking whether Dadu Dayal's teachings were similarly collected into a named compendium like a 'Bijak'.
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > Shastras or devotion? > p. 144
Strength: 2/5
“This is a verse composed by Appar, a Nayanar saint: O rogues who quote the law books, Of what use are your gotra and kula? Just bow to Marperu's lord (Shiva who resides in Marperu, in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu) as your sole refuge. Ü Are there any similarities or differences in the attitudes of Tondaradippodi and Appar towards Brahmanas? During their travels the Alvars and Nayanars identified certain shrines as abodes of their chosen deities. Very often large temples were later built at these sacred places. These developed as centres of pilgrimage. Singing compositions of these poet-saints became part of temple rituals in these shrines, as did worship of the saints' images.”
Why relevant
Describes how poet-saints' compositions were compiled and integrated into ritual and textual traditions (e.g., sung, compiled, preserved at shrines).
How to extend
A student could investigate whether Dadu Dayal's verses were compiled into a text used by his followers in liturgy or preserved by his sect under the title 'Bijak'.
Mentions the 'Kabir Bijak' as a named compilation preserved by a specific sect (Kabirpanth) and distinguishes it from other compilations (Kabir Granthavali associated with Dadupanth).
A student could use this pattern (Bijak as a named compilation linked to a particular saint/sect) plus knowledge of which sect preserves texts to check whether a 'Bijak' is associated with Dadu Dayal or his sect (Dadupanth).
States that compositions of poet-saints were often compiled by disciples or devotees, generally after the saint's death.
Combine this rule with historical info on Dadu Dayal and his followers to see if his teachings were compiled posthumously into a work titled 'Bijak'.
Shows the precedent that the sayings of various bhakti poets and saints were collected into authoritative compilations (e.g., sayings of Namdev, Kabir in Guru Granth Sahib).
Use this general precedent to justify checking whether Dadu Dayal's teachings were similarly collected into a named compendium like a 'Bijak'.
Describes how poet-saints' compositions were compiled and integrated into ritual and textual traditions (e.g., sung, compiled, preserved at shrines).
A student could investigate whether Dadu Dayal's verses were compiled into a text used by his followers in liturgy or preserved by his sect under the title 'Bijak'.
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