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Q83 (IAS/2014) History & Culture β€Ί Culture, Literature, Religion & Philosophy β€Ί Indian dance traditions Official Key

With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements : 1. Sattriya is a combination of music, dance and drama. 2. It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam. 3. It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir and Mirabai. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Result
Your answer: β€”  Β·  Correct: B
Explanation

Sattriya is indeed a combination of music, dance, and drama[1], making statement 1 correct. It is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavites of Assam, specifically associated with the Sattras, which are monasteries of Assam[2], confirming statement 2 is correct.

However, statement 3 is incorrect. Sattriya is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by the saint-reformers of Assam such as Sankardeva and Madhavdeva[3], not Tulsidas, Kabir, and Mirabai. This classical dance form was introduced in the 15th century by the great Vaishnavite saint and reformer of Assam, Mahapurusha Sankardeva[4]. The musical compositions used are specifically Assamese Borgeet songs composed by Assamese saint-reformers, making it distinct from other devotional traditions.

Therefore, only statements 1 and 2 are correct, making option B the right answer.

Sources
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Q. With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements : 1. Sattriya is a combination of music, dance and drama. …
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 Β· 10/10

This is a classic 'Detail Trap' question. While Sattriya is a standard topic, Statement 3 swaps the correct regional founders (Sankardeva/Madhavdeva) with famous but geographically unrelated North Indian saints. The strategy is to verify the 'Software' (lyrics/music source) of every art form, not just its 'Hardware' (location/costume).

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Sattriya dance combines music, dance, and drama.
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Sattriya is indeed a combination of music, dance, and drama."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states Sattriya is a combination of music, dance, and drama.
  • Presented as an authoritative explanatory line in a discussion of the dance form's origins.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"started to revive and popularize the art of classical music, dance and drama"
Why this source?
  • Describes how the Satras revived and popularized 'classical music, dance and drama', linking Sattriya to all three art forms.
  • Places Sattriya within the Vaishnavite tradition where these arts were used together for religious and cultural expression.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Sattriya combines intricate footwork, graceful hand gestures (mudras), and expressive facial movements to depict episodes"
Why this source?
  • Describes Sattriya as a classical art form combining dance techniques with storytelling (dramatic depiction).
  • Frames Sattriya under 'Contribution to Art, Music, and Dance', indicating integration of music alongside dance and drama.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > Religion > p. 162
Strength: 5/5
β€œSiva was the preeminent god for the Cholas and he was represented in two forms. The iconic form of Siva was Lingodhbhava, and the Nataraja idol was the human form. A trace of the locations of temple centres in Kavery delta could provide us the map of an agrarian- political geography spatially and temporally. The repeated representation of Tripurantaka (the destroyer of three mythical cities of asura) form of Siva in sculpture and painting gave him a warrior aspect and helped in gaining legitimacy for the ruler. The representation of Nataraja or Adal Vallan (king of dance) in the form of idol was the motif of Tamil music, dance and drama with hymns composed by Nayanmars, the Saiva saints.”
Why relevant

Explicitly identifies a cultural motif linking music, dance and drama (the representation of Nataraja was a motif of Tamil music, dance and drama).

How to extend

A student could generalize that classical/temple-associated performance forms in India often integrate these three elements and therefore check whether Sattriya, as a devotional/classical form, follows the same pattern.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > 12.6 Art and Architecture > p. 187
Strength: 5/5
β€œexistence". The Vittalaswamy temple is also a fine example of Vijayanagar style. In the opinion of Fergusson, it "shows the extreme limit in florid magnificence to which the style advanced". The Vittalswamy temple with its saptaswara musical pillars and the Stone Chariot are a few architectural wonders. Paintings at the Virabhadra temple and Lepakshi temple show the excellence of Vijayanagar painters. The Vijayanagar rulers inscribed the stories of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata on the walls of the various temples. The Vijayanagar kings patronized fine arts like music, dance, drama and yakshagana. Artists enjoyed great respect in the palace and temples.”
Why relevant

States that royal/temple patronage included fine arts like music, dance and drama together (Vijayanagar kings patronized music, dance, drama and yakshagana).

How to extend

Use the pattern that patronized regional performance traditions commonly combined these arts; then investigate whether Sattriya arose under similar institutional patronage (sattra/temple) and thus likely integrates them.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Bhakti and the Arts > p. 130
Strength: 4/5
β€œOriginating with folk dancing, the choreography of temple dancing became highly sophisticated and complex renderings. 130 | Cultural Development in South India of religious themes as apparent in the final form. From the Pallava period onwards, trained groups of dancers were maintained by more prosperous temples. Classic scenes from puranas and itihasas were sculpted on the walls of the temples, in bronze and stone. Subsequently, artists were attached to the temples with state patronage in order to promote the fine arts like music, dance and others.”
Why relevant

Notes that temples maintained trained groups of dancers and promoted fine arts like music and dance together.

How to extend

Since many Indian classical dances emerged from temple contexts where multiple arts coexisted, a student could check if Sattriya originated in comparable religious institutions to infer combined music-dance-drama practice.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > Chaitanya (1485-1533) > p. 194
Strength: 4/5
β€œInstead, they emphasized devotion to Krishna. Chaitanya, however, made disciples from all classes. He popularized the practice of group devotional singing accompanied by ecstatic dancing. His movement became popular in Bengal and Orissa.”
Why relevant

Describes devotional practice that combined group singing and ecstatic dancing (Chaitanya's movement popularized singing accompanied by dancing).

How to extend

This shows devotional movements often fuse music and dance; a student could test whether Sattriya, tied to Vaishnavite devotional settings, similarly mixes music and dance and possibly theatrical storytelling.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
Strength: 3/5
β€œMost of the literature and art of the period have not survived. Sanskrit language and literature. Emergence of State and Empire were enriched by the work of the grammarian Panini (c. 500 BCE), and Katyayana, who was a contemporary of the Nandas and had written a commentary on Panini's work. Buddhist and Jain texts were primarily written in Pali. Evidently many literary works in Sanskrit were produced during this period and find mention in later works, but they are not available to us. The Arthasastra notes the performing arts of the period, including music, instrumental music, bards, dance and theatre.”
Why relevant

The Arthashastra (quoted) lists performing arts of the period including music, dance and theatre together, implying a historical pattern of integrated performance arts.

How to extend

A student could apply this general ruleβ€”that classical Indian performing traditions often combine music, dance and theatreβ€”to hypothesize that Sattriya, as a classical tradition, may incorporate all three and then verify through focused sources on Sattriya.

Statement 2
Sattriya dance is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavite community of Assam.
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"It is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavites of Assam, specifically associated with the Sattras, which are monasteries of Assam."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states Sattriya is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavites of Assam.
  • Links the dance to Sattras (monasteries), tying it to the Vaishnavite community and continuous institutional practice.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"It is one of the eight classical dances of India that was introduced in the 15th century by the great Vaishnavite saint and reformer of Assam, Mahapurusha Sankardeva"
Why this source?
  • Places Sattriya historically by saying it was introduced in the 15th century by the Vaishnavite saint Sankardeva.
  • Connects the dance to Vaishnavite religious propagation, supporting its identity as a Vaishnavite tradition over centuries.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"2. It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam."
Why this source?
  • Repeats the statement wording that Sattriya 'is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam'.
  • Presents this as a correct element in an educational/solved-question context, reinforcing the claim.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > Shankaradeva > p. 165
Strength: 5/5
β€œIn the late fifteenth century, Shankaradeva emerged as one of the leading proponents of Vaishnavism in Assam. His teachings, often known as the Bhagavati dharma because they were based on the Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana, focused on absolute surrender to the supreme deity, in this case Vishnu. He emphasised the need for naam kirtan, recitation of the names of the lord in sat sanga or congregations of pious devotees. He also encouraged the establishment of satra or monasteries for the transmission of spiritual knowledge, and naam ghar or prayer halls. Many of these institutions and practices continue to flourish in the region.”
Why relevant

Describes the 15th-century rise of Shankaradeva's Vaishnavism in Assam and the creation of satras (monasteries) and naam-ghars for transmission of spiritual knowledge.

How to extend

A student could infer that institutional Vaishnavite centres (satras) founded in the 15th century provide plausible long-term settings for a dance tradition to develop and persist among Assam's Vaishnavite community.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Bhakti and the Arts > p. 130
Strength: 4/5
β€œOriginating with folk dancing, the choreography of temple dancing became highly sophisticated and complex renderings. 130 | Cultural Development in South India of religious themes as apparent in the final form. From the Pallava period onwards, trained groups of dancers were maintained by more prosperous temples. Classic scenes from puranas and itihasas were sculpted on the walls of the temples, in bronze and stone. Subsequently, artists were attached to the temples with state patronage in order to promote the fine arts like music, dance and others.”
Why relevant

Explains a general pattern: religious/temple contexts turned folk dancing into more formal, classical choreography and sustained performing groups.

How to extend

One can apply this pattern to Assam's Vaishnavite institutions (satras) to hypothesize that devotional practices there could have formalised a folk dance into a lasting tradition.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > Brihadishvarar Temple > p. 163
Strength: 3/5
β€œKartigai and Aippasivizha were celebrated. It is said that singing hymns in temple premises promoted oral literacy. Traditional dance items like kudak-kuthu and sakkaik-kuthu were portrayed in the form of sculptures and paintings in the temples in Kilapalivur, Tiruvorriyur. Nirutya and karna poses are shown in sculptural forms in the Thanjavur big temple. Traditional Tamil musical instruments also were portrayed in this way. The pastoral group, as a mark of devotion, donated livestock of specified number to the temples so as to maintain the perpetual lamp to be lit in the temple. To record their gift, their names were engraved in the inscriptions of royal temple.”
Why relevant

Gives an example of temples preserving and depicting traditional dance items and attaching artists to religious institutions under patronage.

How to extend

A student could analogously expect that religious patronage in Assam (satras/naam-ghars) might likewise preserve and institutionalise a dance form over centuries.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 11: From Barter to Money > Durability: > p. 234
Strength: 3/5
β€œTrait of an object or material that indicates its longevity and ability to withstand damage due to which it can be stored for a longer time Although money has replaced traditional barter systems all around the world, there are some that still exist today! One of them is the Junbeel Mela (jun means moon in Assamese and beel means wetland), a threeday annual socio-cultural period. Fig. 11.3 fair at Junbeel in Morigaon district of Assam. Interestingly, the mela begins with the Agni Puja or worship of fire, a prayer for universal wellbeing. Fig. 11.4 Beginning in the 15th century, the chiefs of the Tiwa, Karbi, Khasi, and Jaintia tribal communities of Assam and Meghalaya would gather every year to discuss political issues and to maintain friendly relationships.”
Why relevant

Mentions 15th-century socio-cultural practices and annual melas in Assam, indicating long-standing regional cultural continuity dating back several centuries.

How to extend

Combined with the 15th-century rise of Vaishnavism, this suggests a historical milieu in which enduring cultural practices (including dance) could have evolved and continued.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Setting > Fig. 13.16 Christian Population (2011) > p. 59
Strength: 2/5
β€œcustoms (folk dance, folk lore, folk medicine, etc.) are also important indicators. Cultural regions of India based on Language, Religion and Customs: The cultural regions of India based on language, religion, and traditions have been plotted in (Fig. 13.20). It may be seen from (Fig. 13.20) that on the basis of language, religion, customs, and traditions, India may be divided into the following ten cultural regions: β€’ 1. The Ladakhi-Buddhist Cultural Regionβ€’ 2. The Kashmiri-Muslim Cultural Regionβ€’ 3. The Sikh-Gurumukhi Cultural Regionβ€’ 4. The Kinnauri-Dev-Bhumi Cultural Region (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand)β€’ 5. The Hindu-Hindi Cultural Regionβ€’ 6. The Mixed Cultural Region of north east Indiaβ€’ 7.”
Why relevant

Identifies the North-East as a distinct cultural region where customs (folk dance etc.) are important markers of identity.

How to extend

Using a map or knowledge of regional cultural distinctiveness, a student might judge it plausible that Assam's Vaishnavite community sustained a region-specific dance tradition.

Statement 3
Sattriya dance is based on classical ragas and talas.
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Instead, it is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by the saint-reformers of Assam such as Sankardeva and Madhavdeva."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states Sattriya is based on classical ragas and talas, but specifies the composers are Assamese saint-reformers (Sankardeva, Madhavdeva).
  • Directly ties the musical basis (ragas and talas) to the Sattriya tradition rather than to external Bhakti composers.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"3. It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir and Mirabai. Correct Answer: B"
Why this source?
  • Presents the original multiple-choice item where statement 3 names specific composers (Tulsidas, Kabir, Mirabai) as source of ragas/talas for Sattriya.
  • Provides the official answer 'Correct Answer: B', indicating the specific claim about those composers (statement 3) is judged incorrect in that source.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"taals (cymbals) and Flute are major musical instruments used in this dance form. The songs and verses identifying the lord Krishna as worshipful deity are being selected from the Borgeet"
Why this source?
  • Notes musical elements of Sattriya: 'taals (cymbals) and Flute are major musical instruments', indicating rhythmic (taal) foundations in the tradition.
  • Says the songs/verses for Sattriya are selected from Borgeet and related Assamese devotional literature, linking the dance to regional devotional musical forms.

Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 11: Keeping Time with the Skies > Ever heard of ... > p. 184
Strength: 5/5
β€œThe Moon and moonlight have inspired ragas in Indian classical music. Chandrakauns, Chandranandan, and Shubhapantuvarali (which also means "auspicious moon") are a few ragas that display the moon's imagery in their names and melodic expressions. Similarly, mudras (hand gestures), for example, Chandrakala, and Ardhachandran relating to the Moon can be found in Indian classical dance Bharatanatyam. Kuchipudi. Even the traditional painting styles: Madhubani, Warli, and other forms of art, such as sculpture and pottery among Saura, Gond and other tribes invoke depictions of the Moon and the Sun prominently implying their significance in daily life. Dhokra Brass The same is true for other dance formsβ€”Kathak, Odissi, and Warli painting sculpture Curiosity β€” Textbook of Science for Grade 8”
Why relevant

Shows that Indian classical dances (Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Odissi) are associated with ragas and musical imagery, establishing a general pattern of classical dance being linked to classical music.

How to extend

A student could reasonably check whether Sattriya, as an Indian classical dance tradition, similarly pairs choreography with regional rāgas and tālas used by classical musicians.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Bhakti and the Arts > p. 130
Strength: 4/5
β€œOriginating with folk dancing, the choreography of temple dancing became highly sophisticated and complex renderings. 130 | Cultural Development in South India of religious themes as apparent in the final form. From the Pallava period onwards, trained groups of dancers were maintained by more prosperous temples. Classic scenes from puranas and itihasas were sculpted on the walls of the temples, in bronze and stone. Subsequently, artists were attached to the temples with state patronage in order to promote the fine arts like music, dance and others.”
Why relevant

Notes that temple dance choreography became sophisticated and was supported alongside music β€” indicating a pattern where temple-derived dances integrate formal music systems.

How to extend

A student could investigate whether Sattriya’s institutional origins (e.g., temple or monastery contexts) led to adoption of classical musical frameworks like rāga and tāla.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > Brihadishvarar Temple > p. 163
Strength: 4/5
β€œKartigai and Aippasivizha were celebrated. It is said that singing hymns in temple premises promoted oral literacy. Traditional dance items like kudak-kuthu and sakkaik-kuthu were portrayed in the form of sculptures and paintings in the temples in Kilapalivur, Tiruvorriyur. Nirutya and karna poses are shown in sculptural forms in the Thanjavur big temple. Traditional Tamil musical instruments also were portrayed in this way. The pastoral group, as a mark of devotion, donated livestock of specified number to the temples so as to maintain the perpetual lamp to be lit in the temple. To record their gift, their names were engraved in the inscriptions of royal temple.”
Why relevant

Documents traditional dance items and musical instruments being portrayed in temple art, implying close links between dance forms and established musical practices.

How to extend

Using this rule, one could look for depictions or records of musical accompaniment for Sattriya performances (instruments, notations) consistent with classical rāga/tāla practice.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > Chaitanya (1485-1533) > p. 194
Strength: 3/5
β€œInstead, they emphasized devotion to Krishna. Chaitanya, however, made disciples from all classes. He popularized the practice of group devotional singing accompanied by ecstatic dancing. His movement became popular in Bengal and Orissa.”
Why relevant

Describes popularized devotional singing with ecstatic dancing in regions like Orissa and Bengal, connecting devotional performance traditions to structured musical-dance practices.

How to extend

A student could ask whether Sattriyaβ€”known to have devotional roots in Assamβ€”similarly integrates classical melodic and rhythmic frameworks used in devotional music.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 14: The Mughal Empire > Music and Dance > p. 218
Strength: 3/5
β€œAccording to Ain-i-Akbari, Tansen of Gwalior, credited with composing many ragas, was patronised by Akbar along with 35 other musicians. Jahangir and Shah Jahan were patrons of music. Though there is a popular misconception that Aurangzeb was against music, a large number of books on Indian classical music were written during his regime. His queens, princes and nobles continued to patronise music.”
Why relevant

References the centrality of rāgas in Indian classical music (Tansen etc.), supporting the idea that classical music vocabularies are a common resource for classical dance forms.

How to extend

From this, a student could check whether the musicians accompanying Sattriya employ named rāgas and tālas used in Indian classical music repertoires.

Statement 4
The devotional songs used in Sattriya dance were composed by Tulsidas, Kabir, and Mirabai.
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"However, the third statement is not correct. Sattriya is not based on the classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir, and Mirabai."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the third statement (naming Tulsidas, Kabir, Mirabai) is incorrect.
  • Says Sattriya is instead based on ragas and talas of saint-reformers Sankardeva and Madhavdeva, directly contradicting the claim.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The correct answer is B."
Why this source?
  • States the correct answer to the Sattriya question is B (1 and 2 only), indicating statement 3 is false.
  • Explains Sattriya's origins with Sankardeva, reinforcing that its devotional songs come from Assamese saint-reformers rather than Tulsidas, Kabir, Mirabai.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"songs, Borgeets were composed by Srimanta Sankardev and Sri Madhavdev in 15th to 16th century"
Why this source?
  • Describes Borgeets β€” devotional songs used in Sattriya-related practices β€” as composed by Srimanta Sankardev and Sri Madhavdev.
  • Supports that the devotional repertoire of Sattriya comes from Assamese saint-reformers, not the named north-Indian bhakti poets.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > Mirabai (1498-1546) > p. 195
Strength: 5/5
β€œMirabai was born in Kudh of Merta district of Rajasthan. She was the great granddaughter of Rana Jodhaji, founder of Jodhpur. She was married to Bhoj Raj, son of Rana Sanga of Mewar. She became a devotee of Lord Krishna, left the palace and Mirabai began singing her songs (bhajans) and preaching the path of love on God. Mirabai preached the worship of God in the name of Krishna and stressed that no one should be deprived of His divine grace on the ground of birth, poverty, age and sex. Her devotional songs and lyrics constitute a rich cultural heritage.”
Why relevant

Says Mirabai composed devotional songs (bhajans) and that her songs constitute a rich cultural heritage.

How to extend

A student could check whether Sattriya (a Vaishnava dance tradition) incorporates widely known bhajans such as Mirabai's into its repertoire.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > 8.3 Mirabai, the devotee princess > p. 164
Strength: 4/5
β€œMirabai (c. fifteenth-sixteenth centuries) is perhaps the best-known woman poet within the bhakti tradition. Biographies have been reconstructed primarily from the bhajans attributed to her, which were transmitted orally for centuries. According to these, she was a Rajput princess from Merta in Marwar who was married against her wishes to a prince of the Sisodia clan of Mewar, Rajasthan. She defied her husband and did not submit to the traditional role of wife and mother, instead recognising Krishna, the avatar of Vishnu, as her lover. Her in-laws tried to poison her, but she escaped from the palace to live as a wandering saint composing songs that are characterised by intense expressions of emotion.”
Why relevant

Describes Mirabai as a well-known bhakti poet whose orally transmitted songs were widely sung.

How to extend

Knowing her songs circulated orally, a student might look for their presence in regional Vaishnava musical/dance traditions like Sattriya.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > 8.1 Weaving a divine fabric: Kabir > p. 161
Strength: 5/5
β€œAll these manuscript compilations were made long after the death of Kabir. By the nineteenth century, anthologies of verses attributed to him circulated in print in regions as far apart as Bengal, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Kabir's poems have survived in several languages and dialects; and some are composed in the special language of nirguna poets, the sant bhasha. Others, known as ulatbansi (upside-down sayings), are written in a form in which everyday meanings are inverted. These hint at the difficulties of capturing the nature of the Ultimate Reality in words: expressions such as "the lotus which blooms without flower" or the "fire raging in the ocean" convey a sense of Kabir's mystical experiences.”
Why relevant

Notes that Kabir's poems survived in many regions and languages and circulated widely in print by the 19th century.

How to extend

A student could infer Kabir's verses had the geographic reach to appear in various devotional repertoires and check Sattriya song lists for Kabir-attributed pieces.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: The Rise of the Marathas > Who are the Marathas? > p. 63
Strength: 4/5
β€œ14th century, the Yadava dynasty was overcome by the Khilji Sultanate from Delhi. Amidst such political changes, the cultural traditions continued, particularly those related to bhakti (devotion to the divine or a particular deity). Between the 7th and the 17th centuries, for spiritual upliftment, saints and seekers from several parts of India preferred the path of bhakti to merely external ritualism. These saints, coming from diverse sections of society, composed devotional songs and poetry in the languages of the masses, which allowed their messages to travel far and wide.”
Why relevant

States that between the 7th and 17th centuries bhakti saints composed devotional songs in the languages of the masses, allowing their messages to travel far and wide.

How to extend

Use this general pattern to reason that bhakti compositions (by different poets) could be adopted into regional dance forms such as Sattriya and then verify specific attributions.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > Brihadishvarar Temple > p. 163
Strength: 3/5
β€œKartigai and Aippasivizha were celebrated. It is said that singing hymns in temple premises promoted oral literacy. Traditional dance items like kudak-kuthu and sakkaik-kuthu were portrayed in the form of sculptures and paintings in the temples in Kilapalivur, Tiruvorriyur. Nirutya and karna poses are shown in sculptural forms in the Thanjavur big temple. Traditional Tamil musical instruments also were portrayed in this way. The pastoral group, as a mark of devotion, donated livestock of specified number to the temples so as to maintain the perpetual lamp to be lit in the temple. To record their gift, their names were engraved in the inscriptions of royal temple.”
Why relevant

Describes how singing hymns in temple premises promoted oral literacy and how traditional dance items and musical roles were integrated with temple worship.

How to extend

From this, a student could infer temple-linked dance traditions often use devotional songs from broader bhakti repertoires and then check whether Sattriya repertory names Tulsidas, Kabir, or Mirabai.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves 'Association Swapping'. They will take a valid feature (Ragas/Talas) and pair it with the wrong personalities. Always cross-check the 'Who' (Patron/Poet) against the 'Where' (Region).
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Moderate Trap. Standard static culture (CCRT/Nitin Singhania), but requires precise knowledge of the literary source (Borgeet vs Bhajans).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Indian Classical Dances > Regional Evolution > The link between the Bhakti Movement and Art Forms (Sankardeva's Neo-Vaishnavism).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Textual Backbone' of dances: Odissi (Gita Govinda by Jayadeva); Kuchipudi (Bhamakalapam by Siddhendra Yogi); Mohiniyattam (Hasthalakshanadeepika); Sattriya (Borgeets by Sankardeva/Madhavdeva in Brajavali language).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When a statement lists specific personalities (Tulsidas, Kabir, Mirabai), perform a 'Geography Check'. Does a 15th-century Assamese monastic tradition rely on a Rajasthani princess (Mirabai) or a Banarasi weaver (Kabir)? Usually, the answer is local.
Concept hooks from this question
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Performing-arts triad: music, dance and drama/theatre
πŸ’‘ The insight

Several references list music, dance and theatre/drama together as components of performing arts, which is conceptually close to claims that a dance form may combine these elements.

UPSC often asks about the components and classification of cultural traditions; mastering the idea that performing arts are treated as an interlinked triad helps answer questions on classical/folk forms, temple arts and patronage. Learn by mapping primary sources that list these components and by linking examples to each term (music, dance, drama).

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > 12.6 Art and Architecture > p. 187
πŸ”— Anchor: "Sattriya dance combines music, dance, and drama."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Temple patronage and integrated temple arts
πŸ’‘ The insight

References describe temples maintaining trained dancers, attaching artists, and representing dance and musical instruments in sculptureβ€”showing institutional integration of music, dance and related performance.

Questions on medieval South Asian cultural history frequently probe temple patronage and how it fostered integrated art forms; knowing examples and sources (temple inscriptions, sculptures) enables evidence-based answers. Prepare by studying temple art as primary evidence and linking patronage to artistic synthesis.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Bhakti and the Arts > p. 130
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > Brihadishvarar Temple > p. 163
πŸ”— Anchor: "Sattriya dance combines music, dance, and drama."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Devotional/syncretic traditions linking music and dance
πŸ’‘ The insight

Bhakti and Sufi practices in the references explicitly connect group devotional singing with ecstatic dancing and musical practices, highlighting a religious-social basis for combining music and dance.

Religion-culture questions often test how devotional movements influenced performing arts; understanding these links helps explain evolution of regional performance traditions and compare religious influences (Bhakti, Sufi). Study devotional movements' performative practices and their regional manifestations.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > Chaitanya (1485-1533) > p. 194
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Music and Dance > p. 152
πŸ”— Anchor: "Sattriya dance combines music, dance, and drama."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Sankaradeva and Neo-Vaishnavism in Assam
πŸ’‘ The insight

Reference [1] describes Shankaradeva as a leading proponent of Vaishnavism in Assam from the late fifteenth century, establishing the religious context relevant to practices of the Vaishnavite community.

High-yield for UPSC history/culture: Sankaradeva's reform movement connects Bhakti developments, regional religious history, and cultural change in NE India. Mastering this helps answer questions on regional Bhakti traditions, cultural institutions, and their long-term social impact. Prepare by linking primary reforms to institutions and social practices in syllabus texts.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > Shankaradeva > p. 165
πŸ”— Anchor: "Sattriya dance is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavite community ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Satra and Naam Ghar institutions: religious and cultural transmission
πŸ’‘ The insight

Reference [1] explicitly mentions the establishment of satra (monasteries) and naam ghar (prayer halls) for transmitting spiritual knowledge in Assam, indicating institutional continuity of Vaishnavite practices.

Important for polity/society and culture sections: understanding how religious institutions preserve and transmit cultural practices is frequently tested (e.g., role of monasteries, community centres). This concept links to questions on continuity/change, community organisation, and regional identity. Revise by mapping institutions to practices and their modern manifestations in NCERTs and state histories.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > Shankaradeva > p. 165
πŸ”— Anchor: "Sattriya dance is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavite community ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Folk and temple dance traditions in regional cultural contexts
πŸ’‘ The insight

References [7] and [8] discuss origins of temple dancing and folk dance as cultural markers; they highlight how performing traditions are embedded in regional religious and cultural settings.

Useful for culture/ethno-cultural questions: distinguishing folk vs temple/classical origins and regional cultural markers is frequently examined. Helps frame answers on cultural regions, performing arts evolution, and heritage preservation. Study examples across regions from NCERTs and compare institutional support (temples/satras) vs folk contexts.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Bhakti and the Arts > p. 130
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Setting > Fig. 13.16 Christian Population (2011) > p. 59
πŸ”— Anchor: "Sattriya dance is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavite community ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S3
πŸ‘‰ Interrelationship of classical dance and classical music (ragas & talas)
πŸ’‘ The insight

The claim links a dance form to classical musical structures; several references discuss ragas and mention classical dances, indicating a general dance–music connection in Indian traditions.

High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask how music and dance co-evolved or function together in cultural history. Mastering this helps answer items on performing arts, cultural policy, and heritage preservation. Prepare by mapping examples where specific dance forms are associated with classical music practices and noting institutional contexts (temples, courts).

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 11: Keeping Time with the Skies > Ever heard of ... > p. 184
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > Brihadishvarar Temple > p. 163
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Bhakti and the Arts > p. 130
πŸ”— Anchor: "Sattriya dance is based on classical ragas and talas."
πŸŒ‘ The Hidden Trap

Ankiya Nat & Bhaona: These are the one-act plays and performances introduced by Sankardeva alongside Sattriya. Also, note the language used: 'Brajavali' (a mix of Assamese and Maithili), created specifically to unify the region.

⚑ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Regional Mismatch' Hack. Sattriya is from Assam (Northeast). Tulsidas (Awadh), Kabir (Varanasi), and Mirabai (Rajasthan) are North/West Indian saints. While Bhakti is pan-Indian, classical dance repertoires are almost always rooted in local vernacular literature. It is historically inconsistent for an insular Assamese monastic tradition to be *based* on the works of distant North Indian poets. Eliminate 3.

πŸ”— Mains Connection

Mains History (Art & Culture + Bhakti Movement): Use Sattriya as a case study for how the Bhakti movement democratized religion through 'Art as Pedagogy'. Sankardeva used dance/drama to teach philosophy to illiterate masses, paralleling the role of Yakshagana in Karnataka.

βœ“ Thank you! We'll review this.

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS Β· 2017 Β· Q12 Relevance score: 1.98

With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements : 1. It is a song and dance performance. 2. Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance. 3. It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

IAS Β· 2000 Β· Q27 Relevance score: 1.31

Consider the following statements regarding the Chakiarkoothu form of dance: I. It is performed by Chakiar caste. II. It cannot be traditionally witnessed by the higher caste Hindus. III. Mizhavu is the accompanying instrument. IV. Its theatre form is called koothambalam. Which of these statements are correct ?

CDS-II Β· 2013 Β· Q95 Relevance score: 0.97

Consider the following statements about Satyagraha : 1. It was first experimented by Gandhiji in South Africa 2. It was first experimented in India at Champaran Which of the statements given above is/ are correct ?

IAS Β· 2018 Β· Q44 Relevance score: 0.55

With reference to cultural history of India, consider the following statements : 1. Most of the Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Krishna. 2. Tyagaraja created several new ragas. 3. Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries. 4. Annamacharya kirtanas are devotional songs in praise of Lord Venkateshwara. Which of the statements given above are correct ?

IAS Β· 2020 Β· Q66 Relevance score: 0.52

With reference to the scholars/litterateurs of ancient India, consider the following statements : 1. Panini is associated with Pushyamitra Shunga. 2. Amarasimha is associated with Harshavardhana. 3. Kalidasa is associated with Chandra Gupta - II. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?