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With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements : 1. Sattriya is a combination of music, dance and drama. 2. It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam. 3. It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir and Mirabai. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explanation
Sattriya is indeed a combination of music, dance, and drama[1], making statement 1 correct. It is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavites of Assam, specifically associated with the Sattras, which are monasteries of Assam[2], confirming statement 2 is correct.
However, statement 3 is incorrect. Sattriya is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by the saint-reformers of Assam such as Sankardeva and Madhavdeva[3], not Tulsidas, Kabir, and Mirabai. This classical dance form was introduced in the 15th century by the great Vaishnavite saint and reformer of Assam, Mahapurusha Sankardeva[4]. The musical compositions used are specifically Assamese Borgeet songs composed by Assamese saint-reformers, making it distinct from other devotional traditions.
Therefore, only statements 1 and 2 are correct, making option B the right answer.
SourcesPROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Detail Trap' question. While Sattriya is a standard topic, Statement 3 swaps the correct regional founders (Sankardeva/Madhavdeva) with famous but geographically unrelated North Indian saints. The strategy is to verify the 'Software' (lyrics/music source) of every art form, not just its 'Hardware' (location/costume).
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Sattriya dance combines music, dance, and drama.
- Statement 2: Sattriya dance is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavite community of Assam.
- Statement 3: Sattriya dance is based on classical ragas and talas.
- Statement 4: The devotional songs used in Sattriya dance were composed by Tulsidas, Kabir, and Mirabai.
- Explicitly states Sattriya is a combination of music, dance, and drama.
- Presented as an authoritative explanatory line in a discussion of the dance form's origins.
- Describes how the Satras revived and popularized 'classical music, dance and drama', linking Sattriya to all three art forms.
- Places Sattriya within the Vaishnavite tradition where these arts were used together for religious and cultural expression.
- Describes Sattriya as a classical art form combining dance techniques with storytelling (dramatic depiction).
- Frames Sattriya under 'Contribution to Art, Music, and Dance', indicating integration of music alongside dance and drama.
Explicitly identifies a cultural motif linking music, dance and drama (the representation of Nataraja was a motif of Tamil music, dance and drama).
A student could generalize that classical/temple-associated performance forms in India often integrate these three elements and therefore check whether Sattriya, as a devotional/classical form, follows the same pattern.
States that royal/temple patronage included fine arts like music, dance and drama together (Vijayanagar kings patronized music, dance, drama and yakshagana).
Use the pattern that patronized regional performance traditions commonly combined these arts; then investigate whether Sattriya arose under similar institutional patronage (sattra/temple) and thus likely integrates them.
Notes that temples maintained trained groups of dancers and promoted fine arts like music and dance together.
Since many Indian classical dances emerged from temple contexts where multiple arts coexisted, a student could check if Sattriya originated in comparable religious institutions to infer combined music-dance-drama practice.
Describes devotional practice that combined group singing and ecstatic dancing (Chaitanya's movement popularized singing accompanied by dancing).
This shows devotional movements often fuse music and dance; a student could test whether Sattriya, tied to Vaishnavite devotional settings, similarly mixes music and dance and possibly theatrical storytelling.
The Arthashastra (quoted) lists performing arts of the period including music, dance and theatre together, implying a historical pattern of integrated performance arts.
A student could apply this general ruleβthat classical Indian performing traditions often combine music, dance and theatreβto hypothesize that Sattriya, as a classical tradition, may incorporate all three and then verify through focused sources on Sattriya.
- Explicitly states Sattriya is a centuries-old living tradition of the Vaishnavites of Assam.
- Links the dance to Sattras (monasteries), tying it to the Vaishnavite community and continuous institutional practice.
- Places Sattriya historically by saying it was introduced in the 15th century by the Vaishnavite saint Sankardeva.
- Connects the dance to Vaishnavite religious propagation, supporting its identity as a Vaishnavite tradition over centuries.
- Repeats the statement wording that Sattriya 'is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam'.
- Presents this as a correct element in an educational/solved-question context, reinforcing the claim.
Describes the 15th-century rise of Shankaradeva's Vaishnavism in Assam and the creation of satras (monasteries) and naam-ghars for transmission of spiritual knowledge.
A student could infer that institutional Vaishnavite centres (satras) founded in the 15th century provide plausible long-term settings for a dance tradition to develop and persist among Assam's Vaishnavite community.
Explains a general pattern: religious/temple contexts turned folk dancing into more formal, classical choreography and sustained performing groups.
One can apply this pattern to Assam's Vaishnavite institutions (satras) to hypothesize that devotional practices there could have formalised a folk dance into a lasting tradition.
Gives an example of temples preserving and depicting traditional dance items and attaching artists to religious institutions under patronage.
A student could analogously expect that religious patronage in Assam (satras/naam-ghars) might likewise preserve and institutionalise a dance form over centuries.
Mentions 15th-century socio-cultural practices and annual melas in Assam, indicating long-standing regional cultural continuity dating back several centuries.
Combined with the 15th-century rise of Vaishnavism, this suggests a historical milieu in which enduring cultural practices (including dance) could have evolved and continued.
Identifies the North-East as a distinct cultural region where customs (folk dance etc.) are important markers of identity.
Using a map or knowledge of regional cultural distinctiveness, a student might judge it plausible that Assam's Vaishnavite community sustained a region-specific dance tradition.
- Explicitly states Sattriya is based on classical ragas and talas, but specifies the composers are Assamese saint-reformers (Sankardeva, Madhavdeva).
- Directly ties the musical basis (ragas and talas) to the Sattriya tradition rather than to external Bhakti composers.
- Presents the original multiple-choice item where statement 3 names specific composers (Tulsidas, Kabir, Mirabai) as source of ragas/talas for Sattriya.
- Provides the official answer 'Correct Answer: B', indicating the specific claim about those composers (statement 3) is judged incorrect in that source.
- Notes musical elements of Sattriya: 'taals (cymbals) and Flute are major musical instruments', indicating rhythmic (taal) foundations in the tradition.
- Says the songs/verses for Sattriya are selected from Borgeet and related Assamese devotional literature, linking the dance to regional devotional musical forms.
Shows that Indian classical dances (Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Odissi) are associated with ragas and musical imagery, establishing a general pattern of classical dance being linked to classical music.
A student could reasonably check whether Sattriya, as an Indian classical dance tradition, similarly pairs choreography with regional rΔgas and tΔlas used by classical musicians.
Notes that temple dance choreography became sophisticated and was supported alongside music β indicating a pattern where temple-derived dances integrate formal music systems.
A student could investigate whether Sattriyaβs institutional origins (e.g., temple or monastery contexts) led to adoption of classical musical frameworks like rΔga and tΔla.
Documents traditional dance items and musical instruments being portrayed in temple art, implying close links between dance forms and established musical practices.
Using this rule, one could look for depictions or records of musical accompaniment for Sattriya performances (instruments, notations) consistent with classical rΔga/tΔla practice.
Describes popularized devotional singing with ecstatic dancing in regions like Orissa and Bengal, connecting devotional performance traditions to structured musical-dance practices.
A student could ask whether Sattriyaβknown to have devotional roots in Assamβsimilarly integrates classical melodic and rhythmic frameworks used in devotional music.
References the centrality of rΔgas in Indian classical music (Tansen etc.), supporting the idea that classical music vocabularies are a common resource for classical dance forms.
From this, a student could check whether the musicians accompanying Sattriya employ named rΔgas and tΔlas used in Indian classical music repertoires.
- Explicitly states the third statement (naming Tulsidas, Kabir, Mirabai) is incorrect.
- Says Sattriya is instead based on ragas and talas of saint-reformers Sankardeva and Madhavdeva, directly contradicting the claim.
- States the correct answer to the Sattriya question is B (1 and 2 only), indicating statement 3 is false.
- Explains Sattriya's origins with Sankardeva, reinforcing that its devotional songs come from Assamese saint-reformers rather than Tulsidas, Kabir, Mirabai.
- Describes Borgeets β devotional songs used in Sattriya-related practices β as composed by Srimanta Sankardev and Sri Madhavdev.
- Supports that the devotional repertoire of Sattriya comes from Assamese saint-reformers, not the named north-Indian bhakti poets.
Says Mirabai composed devotional songs (bhajans) and that her songs constitute a rich cultural heritage.
A student could check whether Sattriya (a Vaishnava dance tradition) incorporates widely known bhajans such as Mirabai's into its repertoire.
Describes Mirabai as a well-known bhakti poet whose orally transmitted songs were widely sung.
Knowing her songs circulated orally, a student might look for their presence in regional Vaishnava musical/dance traditions like Sattriya.
Notes that Kabir's poems survived in many regions and languages and circulated widely in print by the 19th century.
A student could infer Kabir's verses had the geographic reach to appear in various devotional repertoires and check Sattriya song lists for Kabir-attributed pieces.
States that between the 7th and 17th centuries bhakti saints composed devotional songs in the languages of the masses, allowing their messages to travel far and wide.
Use this general pattern to reason that bhakti compositions (by different poets) could be adopted into regional dance forms such as Sattriya and then verify specific attributions.
Describes how singing hymns in temple premises promoted oral literacy and how traditional dance items and musical roles were integrated with temple worship.
From this, a student could infer temple-linked dance traditions often use devotional songs from broader bhakti repertoires and then check whether Sattriya repertory names Tulsidas, Kabir, or Mirabai.
- [THE VERDICT]: Moderate Trap. Standard static culture (CCRT/Nitin Singhania), but requires precise knowledge of the literary source (Borgeet vs Bhajans).
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Indian Classical Dances > Regional Evolution > The link between the Bhakti Movement and Art Forms (Sankardeva's Neo-Vaishnavism).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Textual Backbone' of dances: Odissi (Gita Govinda by Jayadeva); Kuchipudi (Bhamakalapam by Siddhendra Yogi); Mohiniyattam (Hasthalakshanadeepika); Sattriya (Borgeets by Sankardeva/Madhavdeva in Brajavali language).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When a statement lists specific personalities (Tulsidas, Kabir, Mirabai), perform a 'Geography Check'. Does a 15th-century Assamese monastic tradition rely on a Rajasthani princess (Mirabai) or a Banarasi weaver (Kabir)? Usually, the answer is local.
Several references list music, dance and theatre/drama together as components of performing arts, which is conceptually close to claims that a dance form may combine these elements.
UPSC often asks about the components and classification of cultural traditions; mastering the idea that performing arts are treated as an interlinked triad helps answer questions on classical/folk forms, temple arts and patronage. Learn by mapping primary sources that list these components and by linking examples to each term (music, dance, drama).
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > 12.6 Art and Architecture > p. 187
References describe temples maintaining trained dancers, attaching artists, and representing dance and musical instruments in sculptureβshowing institutional integration of music, dance and related performance.
Questions on medieval South Asian cultural history frequently probe temple patronage and how it fostered integrated art forms; knowing examples and sources (temple inscriptions, sculptures) enables evidence-based answers. Prepare by studying temple art as primary evidence and linking patronage to artistic synthesis.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Bhakti and the Arts > p. 130
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > Brihadishvarar Temple > p. 163
Bhakti and Sufi practices in the references explicitly connect group devotional singing with ecstatic dancing and musical practices, highlighting a religious-social basis for combining music and dance.
Religion-culture questions often test how devotional movements influenced performing arts; understanding these links helps explain evolution of regional performance traditions and compare religious influences (Bhakti, Sufi). Study devotional movements' performative practices and their regional manifestations.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > Chaitanya (1485-1533) > p. 194
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Music and Dance > p. 152
Reference [1] describes Shankaradeva as a leading proponent of Vaishnavism in Assam from the late fifteenth century, establishing the religious context relevant to practices of the Vaishnavite community.
High-yield for UPSC history/culture: Sankaradeva's reform movement connects Bhakti developments, regional religious history, and cultural change in NE India. Mastering this helps answer questions on regional Bhakti traditions, cultural institutions, and their long-term social impact. Prepare by linking primary reforms to institutions and social practices in syllabus texts.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > Shankaradeva > p. 165
Reference [1] explicitly mentions the establishment of satra (monasteries) and naam ghar (prayer halls) for transmitting spiritual knowledge in Assam, indicating institutional continuity of Vaishnavite practices.
Important for polity/society and culture sections: understanding how religious institutions preserve and transmit cultural practices is frequently tested (e.g., role of monasteries, community centres). This concept links to questions on continuity/change, community organisation, and regional identity. Revise by mapping institutions to practices and their modern manifestations in NCERTs and state histories.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > Shankaradeva > p. 165
References [7] and [8] discuss origins of temple dancing and folk dance as cultural markers; they highlight how performing traditions are embedded in regional religious and cultural settings.
Useful for culture/ethno-cultural questions: distinguishing folk vs temple/classical origins and regional cultural markers is frequently examined. Helps frame answers on cultural regions, performing arts evolution, and heritage preservation. Study examples across regions from NCERTs and compare institutional support (temples/satras) vs folk contexts.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Bhakti and the Arts > p. 130
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Setting > Fig. 13.16 Christian Population (2011) > p. 59
The claim links a dance form to classical musical structures; several references discuss ragas and mention classical dances, indicating a general danceβmusic connection in Indian traditions.
High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask how music and dance co-evolved or function together in cultural history. Mastering this helps answer items on performing arts, cultural policy, and heritage preservation. Prepare by mapping examples where specific dance forms are associated with classical music practices and noting institutional contexts (temples, courts).
- Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 11: Keeping Time with the Skies > Ever heard of ... > p. 184
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > Brihadishvarar Temple > p. 163
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Bhakti and the Arts > p. 130
Ankiya Nat & Bhaona: These are the one-act plays and performances introduced by Sankardeva alongside Sattriya. Also, note the language used: 'Brajavali' (a mix of Assamese and Maithili), created specifically to unify the region.
The 'Regional Mismatch' Hack. Sattriya is from Assam (Northeast). Tulsidas (Awadh), Kabir (Varanasi), and Mirabai (Rajasthan) are North/West Indian saints. While Bhakti is pan-Indian, classical dance repertoires are almost always rooted in local vernacular literature. It is historically inconsistent for an insular Assamese monastic tradition to be *based* on the works of distant North Indian poets. Eliminate 3.
Mains History (Art & Culture + Bhakti Movement): Use Sattriya as a case study for how the Bhakti movement democratized religion through 'Art as Pedagogy'. Sankardeva used dance/drama to teach philosophy to illiterate masses, paralleling the role of Yakshagana in Karnataka.