With reference to 'Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology', which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is a contactless communication technology that uses electromagnetic radio fields. 2. NFC is designed for use by devices which can be at a distance of even a metre from each other. 3. NFC can use encryption when sending sensitive information. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Mentions rapid developments in information and communication technology and lists mobile phones as means to 'contact one another' and access information.

A student could combine this with the basic fact that many modern mobile features (like payments or short-range data exchange) rely on wireless/contactless interfaces to test if NFC fits that role.

Explains satellite and cell-phone use as examples of communication technologies that enable contactless exchange (calls, SMS) without physical transport of messages.

One can generalize that technologies enabling communication without physical contact include short-range wireless methods, so the student could check whether NFC is a short-range wireless standard.

States that mobile telephony and related advancements revolutionised communication by making messages direct and instantaneous from anywhere.

Use the pattern that modern mobile-related tech often employs wireless protocols; a student can check whether NFC is a wireless protocol used by mobile devices for direct exchanges.

Notes that developments like mobile telephony and satellites made communications independent of transport, highlighting a class of communication that is non-physical/contactless.

From this rule, a student could categorize NFC as potentially part of non-transport-dependent (i.e., contactless/wireless) communications and then verify NFC's operational characteristics (range, medium).

Gives an example of digital payments (UPI) as modern technological conveniences linked to mobile and ICT.

Since NFC is commonly used for mobile payments in practice, a student could connect the example of mobile-based payments to investigate whether NFC is one of the contactless methods enabling such payments.

States that the ionosphere facilitates radio communication and refers explicitly to 'radio waves' being used for communication.

A student could combine this with the basic fact that 'radio waves' is a broad class and then check whether NFC operates at radio frequencies (and whether those frequencies behave as near‑field or far‑field).

Describes radio as a medium for transmitting information by tuning to the right wavelength, showing radio waves are used for wireless communications.

One could use this pattern (radio = wireless communication) and then ask whether NFC uses a particular radio wavelength band (e.g., an identified low‑frequency band) suitable for very short‑range links.

Explains that a current‑carrying wire produces a magnetic field (concentric field lines) and that magnetic fields depend on conductor shape — a general rule about near‑field magnetic effects.

A student could extend this to consider that short‑range communication might use magnetic coupling between coils (near‑field) rather than far‑field radio propagation, and then compare that mechanism with NFC descriptions.

Shows a solenoid produces a strong, uniform magnetic field and can act as an electromagnet — an example of engineered near‑field magnetic systems.

One could infer that technologies using coils and near magnetic fields (like a solenoid/electromagnet) might support short‑range data exchange and investigate whether NFC uses coil-based coupling.

Distinguishes radio/microwave frequency behaviour (e.g., propagation and ionospheric interaction), implying different radio frequencies have different propagation regimes (near‑ vs far‑field).

A student could use this to reason that if NFC uses a relatively low frequency, it would be confined to near‑field behaviour rather than ionospheric/far‑field propagation, and so check NFC's operating frequency.

Describes that ionospheric effects and sub‑ionospheric reflection matter for long‑range radio communications, implicitly distinguishing long‑range radio propagation mechanisms from other short‑range methods.

A student could use this contrast to classify NFC as not relying on long‑range ionospheric or satellite propagation and therefore likely having a much shorter, local range (compare to long‑range systems).

Explains satellite communication connects remote corners of the globe, illustrating an example of very long‑range communications technology.

By comparing satellite (global) systems with other listed communications, a student can infer NFC belongs to the opposite end of the spectrum (close‑range, local), narrowing plausible ranges to small distances.

Gives a basic rule/example about magnetic fields around a current‑carrying wire (concentric field lines centred on the wire), providing a physics pattern for near‑field magnetic behaviour.

Knowing NFC commonly uses magnetic induction/coupling, a student can extend the idea that magnetic field strength falls with distance from source and therefore systems based on near‑field magnetic coupling will have limited operating ranges (on the order of very short distances).

Demonstrates the concept of a measurable 'range' (here of a spring balance) and how devices specify operational limits.

A student can apply this notion of specified operational range to communication devices and expect NFC to have an explicitly small maximum range that would be documented and tested.

This snippet states that digitisation and fibre networks allow data to be transmitted 'securely', showing communications technologies can incorporate security measures.

A student could generalise that modern digital communication mechanisms (including short-range wireless like NFC) can likewise include security mechanisms such as encryption and then check NFC specifications.

Explains that cryptocurrencies rely on encryption techniques to verify and secure transactions across networks.

From this example of encryption securing financial transactions, a student could infer that other payment/transaction channels (e.g., contactless/NFC payments) may also use encryption and then verify in NFC standards or payment protocols.

Describes QR codes carrying account/payment information readable by devices for monetary transactions, illustrating that digital data used for payments is transferred between devices.

A student could compare QR-based payments (digital data transfer) with NFC-based contactless payments and ask whether similar protections (encryption) are applied to protect that sensitive data.

Discusses how different radio/microwave frequencies behave in propagation and absorption, highlighting that electromagnetic properties affect communication modes.

A student could use this to reason that NFC, being a short-range RF technology, has specific physical constraints that make it amenable to certain security choices (like short range plus encryption) and then look up NFC frequency and standards.

Mentions storing and sharing documents online 'securely' with authorities and banks, implying secure protocols are a concern in digital exchanges involving sensitive data.

A student could extrapolate that any system handling sensitive data (including NFC-based exchange with banks) is likely to use security measures such as encryption and then verify with technical sources on NFC payment security.