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Q50 (IAS/2016) History & Culture › Culture, Literature, Religion & Philosophy › Buddhist doctrine and sects Official Key

With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements : 1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect of Buddhism. 2. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment. 3. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is option B (statements 2 and 3 only).

**Statement 1 is incorrect:** The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Mahayana sect of Buddhism[1], not Hinayana. This is a crucial distinction between the two major branches of Buddhism.

**Statement 2 is correct:** Bodhisattas were perceived as deeply compassionate beings who accumulated merit through their efforts[2], clearly establishing them as compassionate ones on the path to enlightenment.

**Statement 3 is correct:** Bodhisattas were perceived as deeply compassionate beings who accumulated merit through their efforts but used this not to attain nibbana and thereby abandon the world, but to help others[2]. This demonstrates that Bodhisattvas delay their own final salvation (nibbana) to assist other sentient beings.

The Bodhisattva ideal represents a fundamental shift in Buddhist thought that occurred around the first century CE, marking the emergence of Mahayana Buddhism with its emphasis on compassion and universal salvation, as opposed to the Hinayana focus on individual enlightenment through self-effort.

Sources
  1. [1] https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3kv0577f92484f24e3960ebe830921e24/uploads/2025/09/2025090958.pdf
  2. [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 10.1 The development of Mahayana Buddhism > p. 103
How others answered
Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
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Out of everyone who attempted this question.
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got it right
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements : 1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayan…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 6.7/10 · 3.3/10

This is a foundational 'Sitter' derived directly from the core definition of Mahayana Buddhism in NCERT. The question tests the most basic distinction between the two major sects: Individual Salvation (Hinayana/Arhat) vs. Universal Salvation (Mahayana/Bodhisattva). If you missed this, your static history coverage has a critical gap.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
In the religious history of India, is the concept of Bodhisattva central to the Hinayana (Theravada) sect of Buddhism?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The concept of Bodhisattva is central to the Hinayana sect of Buddhism."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states that the concept of Bodhisattva is central to the Hinayana sect.
  • Directly ties the term 'Bodhisattva' to Hinayana in a summary of Buddhist sects.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"I. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Mahayana sect of Buddhism."
Why this source?
  • Directly contradicts the statement by asserting Bodhisattva centrality belongs to Mahayana.
  • Presents the claim as a labeled item in a set of statements about Buddhist sects (I).
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect (Buddhism). Correct Answer: A"
Why this source?
  • Reproduces the quiz statement that the Bodhisattva concept is central to Hinayana.
  • Marks the item set such that the source treats statement 1 as the correct choice (implying support).

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Buddhist Sects > p. 42
Strength: 4/5
“In course of time, Mahasanghikas, Sthaviravadins and Sarvastivadins emerged as major sects of Buddhism. New ideas emerged among the Mahasanghikas and Sarvastivadins. It led to the emergence of Mahayana and Hinayana (the Great and Lesser Vehicles) in Buddhism. Mahayana or the Great Vehicle became popular and influential in India. Nalanda University was an important centre of Buddhist learning and was patronised by the Palas. Mahayana spread to China and Japan. Hinayana or the Lesser Vehicle became popular in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand and other South-east Asian countries. By the end of the Gupta period, Vajrayana or the Vehicle of the Thunderbolt emerged.”
Why relevant

This snippet distinguishes Mahayana and Hinayana as arising from different new ideas among sects, implying doctrinal differences between the vehicles.

How to extend

A student could take this rule (Mahayana introduced new ideas) and check whether the Bodhisattva ideal is listed among those 'new ideas' in other sources to judge its centrality to Hinayana.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > Hinayana or Theravada? > p. 103
Strength: 5/5
“Supporters of Mahayana regarded other Buddhists as followers of Hinayana. However, followers of the older tradition described themselves as theravadins, that is, those who followed the path of old, respected teachers, the theras.”
Why relevant

Defines 'theravadins' as followers of the older tradition (the theras), suggesting Theravada/Hinayana preserves earlier doctrines rather than later Mahayana developments.

How to extend

Using this, a student could compare the Bodhisattva role in early (Theravada) texts versus later Mahayana texts to see if it is a later development and thus not central to Hinayana.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Aianta > p. 133
Strength: 4/5
“From Jataka stories and select scenes from the life history of Buddha are depicted. Apart from the statue of Buddha, Bodhisattva is also a striking feature of chaityas and viharas.”
Why relevant

States that apart from Buddha statues, Bodhisattva is a striking feature of chaityas and viharas, indicating Bodhisattva imagery was prominent in Buddhist art.

How to extend

A student could map where such art appears (India vs Sri Lanka/SE Asia) and cross-check whether regions associated with Hinayana/Theravada show the same prominence of Bodhisattva imagery.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Architecture and Sculpture > p. 129
Strength: 4/5
“Hariti with children are significant. Bodhisattva carved out independently is another important feature. The popular Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara is depicted in painting and sculpture.”
Why relevant

Mentions the popular Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara depicted in painting and sculpture, pointing to specific Bodhisattvas being prominent in Buddhist religious culture.

How to extend

A student could note Avalokitesvara's prominence and then check whether Avalokitesvara features centrally in Theravada doctrinal texts or mainly in Mahayana traditions to assess centrality.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Kinship, Caste and Class > A Story of Bodhisattva from the Matanga Jataka > p. 67
Strength: 5/5
“Did chandalas resist the attempts to push them to the bottom of the social order? Read this story, which is part of the Matanga Jataka, a Pali text, where the Bodhisattva (the Buddha in a previous birth) is identified as a chandala. Once, the Bodhisattva was born outside the city of Banaras as a chandala's son and named Matanga. One day, when he had gone to the city on some work, he encountered Dittha Mangalika, the daughter of a merchant. When she saw him, she exclaimed "I have seen something inauspicious" and washed her eyes. The angry hangers-on then beat him up.”
Why relevant

Gives an example from a Pali Jataka where 'the Bodhisattva (the Buddha in a previous birth)' appears, showing the term existed in early, Pali-language texts associated with older traditions.

How to extend

A student could use this to distinguish the early Jataka sense of 'Bodhisattva' (a past-Buddha figure) from the Mahayana ideal of an ongoing savior figure, and thus test if the Mahayana sense is central to Theravada.

Statement 2
In the religious history of India, does the term "Bodhisattva" refer to a compassionate being on the path to enlightenment?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 10.1 The development of Mahayana Buddhism > p. 103
Presence: 5/5
“By the first century CE, there is evidence of changes in Buddhist ideas and practices. Early Buddhist teachings had given great importance to self-effort in achieving nibbana. Besides, the Buddha was regarded as a human being who attained enlightenment and nibbana through his own efforts. However, gradually the idea of a saviour emerged. It was believed that he was the one who could ensure salvation. Simultaneously, the concept of the Bodhisatta also developed. Bodhisattas were perceived as deeply compassionate beings who accumulated merit through their efforts but used this not to attain nibbana and thereby abandon the world, but to help others.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly describes Bodhisattas as 'deeply compassionate beings'.
  • Says they accumulate merit but postpone nibbana to help others (i.e., delay final enlightenment to assist beings).
  • Places this concept in the development of Mahayana Buddhism, linking it to the compassionate saviour-ideal.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > The Starving Tigress: A Jataka Tale > p. 42
Presence: 4/5
“Born in a family renowned for purity of conduct and great spiritual devotion, the Bodhisattva became a great scholar and teacher. With no desire for wealth, he went to a forest and led a life of an ascetic. It was in this forest he encountered a starving tigress, which after giving birth to cubs was about to eat her own new-born cubs for survival. With no food in sight, the Bodhisattva offered his body as food to the tigress out of compassion.”
Why this source?
  • Provides a Jataka narrative where the Bodhisattva offers his body out of compassion to save animals.
  • Illustrates compassion and self-sacrifice as defining traits of a Bodhisattva in practice.
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Kinship, Caste and Class > A Story of Bodhisattva from the Matanga Jataka > p. 67
Presence: 4/5
“Did chandalas resist the attempts to push them to the bottom of the social order? Read this story, which is part of the Matanga Jataka, a Pali text, where the Bodhisattva (the Buddha in a previous birth) is identified as a chandala. Once, the Bodhisattva was born outside the city of Banaras as a chandala's son and named Matanga. One day, when he had gone to the city on some work, he encountered Dittha Mangalika, the daughter of a merchant. When she saw him, she exclaimed "I have seen something inauspicious" and washed her eyes. The angry hangers-on then beat him up.”
Why this source?
  • Identifies the Bodhisattva as the Buddha in a previous birth, indicating continuity on the path to Buddhahood.
  • Uses a Jataka story to show the Bodhisattva's moral role and social identity across lives.
Statement 3
In the religious history of India, does a Bodhisattva deliberately delay attaining final enlightenment to help all sentient beings achieve liberation?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 10.1 The development of Mahayana Buddhism > p. 103
Presence: 5/5
“By the first century CE, there is evidence of changes in Buddhist ideas and practices. Early Buddhist teachings had given great importance to self-effort in achieving nibbana. Besides, the Buddha was regarded as a human being who attained enlightenment and nibbana through his own efforts. However, gradually the idea of a saviour emerged. It was believed that he was the one who could ensure salvation. Simultaneously, the concept of the Bodhisatta also developed. Bodhisattas were perceived as deeply compassionate beings who accumulated merit through their efforts but used this not to attain nibbana and thereby abandon the world, but to help others.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the Bodhisatta concept developed such that Bodhisattas used accumulated merit not to attain nibbana and abandon the world, but to help others.
  • Directly links the Bodhisattva ideal with compassionate postponement of final liberation in order to assist others.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > The Starving Tigress: A Jataka Tale > p. 42
Presence: 4/5
“Born in a family renowned for purity of conduct and great spiritual devotion, the Bodhisattva became a great scholar and teacher. With no desire for wealth, he went to a forest and led a life of an ascetic. It was in this forest he encountered a starving tigress, which after giving birth to cubs was about to eat her own new-born cubs for survival. With no food in sight, the Bodhisattva offered his body as food to the tigress out of compassion.”
Why this source?
  • Provides a concrete Jataka example where a Bodhisattva sacrifices his body out of compassion to save other beings.
  • Illustrates the Bodhisattva ethics of self-sacrifice and helping sentient beings, supporting the idea of postponing personal final reward for others.
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Kinship, Caste and Class > A Story of Bodhisattva from the Matanga Jataka > p. 67
Presence: 3/5
“Did chandalas resist the attempts to push them to the bottom of the social order? Read this story, which is part of the Matanga Jataka, a Pali text, where the Bodhisattva (the Buddha in a previous birth) is identified as a chandala. Once, the Bodhisattva was born outside the city of Banaras as a chandala's son and named Matanga. One day, when he had gone to the city on some work, he encountered Dittha Mangalika, the daughter of a merchant. When she saw him, she exclaimed "I have seen something inauspicious" and washed her eyes. The angry hangers-on then beat him up.”
Why this source?
  • Shows Bodhisattva figures in past lives (Jataka), indicating a narrative tradition emphasizing altruistic acts across lifetimes.
  • Reinforces the role-based identity of the Bodhisattva as one engaged in compassionate acts for others rather than immediate personal liberation.
Pattern takeaway: The 'Definition Swap' pattern. Statement 1 is a classic trap where a correct definition (Bodhisattva concept) is paired with the wrong noun (Hinayana). Whenever you see a specific term linked to a specific sect, pause and verify the association before checking the definition.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Direct lift from NCERT Class XII, Themes in Indian History Part I, Chapter 4 (Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings), specifically the section 'The development of Mahayana Buddhism'.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The Fourth Buddhist Council and the Great Schism. You must study the doctrinal evolution from the 'Religion of the Elders' (Theravada) to the 'Great Vehicle' (Mahayana).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the Mahayana package: Sanskrit canon, Idol worship (Mathura/Gandhara schools), Bodhisattva ideal (Avalokitesvara, Manjushri, Maitreya), and Kanishka's patronage. Contrast with Hinayana: Pali canon, Symbol worship, Arhat ideal, and Ashoka's patronage.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Always create 'Difference Between' tables for major religious sects (Digambara vs. Svetambara, Mahayana vs. Hinayana). UPSC creates trap statements simply by swapping the headers of these columns (e.g., attributing a Mahayana feature to Hinayana).
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Mahayana vs Hinayana (Theravada) distinction
💡 The insight

The question contrasts Bodhisattva centrality with Hinayana/Theravada; the references explain the two vehicles and how Theravada identifies itself as the older tradition.

High-yield for history/religion questions: understanding how Mahayana and Hinayana/Theravada are defined, their geographical spread and self-identification helps answer comparative questions. Connects to topics on sectarian development, doctrinal differences and cultural diffusion. Prepare by mapping doctrinal labels, chronology and regional associations from textbooks and source passages.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Buddhist Sects > p. 42
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > Hinayana or Theravada? > p. 103
🔗 Anchor: "In the religious history of India, is the concept of Bodhisattva central to the ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Bodhisattva in early/Pali literature (Jataka narratives)
💡 The insight

References show 'Bodhisattva' appears in Pali Jataka texts (Buddha in previous births), linking the term to early Buddhist literature associated with Theravada languages.

Useful for questions on continuity between early Buddhist ideas and later sects: knowing that Bodhisattva appears in Jatakas clarifies that the term predates Mahayana and appears in Pali sources. This helps critically evaluate claims about 'centrality' vs 'presence'. Study primary-source mentions (Jatakas, Pali canon) and compare with later Mahayana usage.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Kinship, Caste and Class > A Story of Bodhisattva from the Matanga Jataka > p. 67
🔗 Anchor: "In the religious history of India, is the concept of Bodhisattva central to the ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Bodhisattva iconography in Buddhist art
💡 The insight

Evidence shows Bodhisattva figures appear in chaityas, viharas and sculpture, indicating the concept had visual/ritual presence in Buddhist traditions.

Iconography questions appear in culture/architecture portions of UPSC papers. Recognising Bodhisattva representations (and specific figures like Avalokitesvara) aids in interpreting art-historical sources and regional diffusion of sects. Revise key motifs, regional centres and how art reflects doctrinal emphases.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Aianta > p. 133
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Architecture and Sculpture > p. 129
🔗 Anchor: "In the religious history of India, is the concept of Bodhisattva central to the ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Bodhisattva as compassionate postponement of nirvana
💡 The insight

Reference [1] directly defines Bodhisattvas as compassionate beings who delay nibbana to help others; [2] and [4] give narrative reinforcement.

High-yield for religion/history questions—clarifies a core Mahayana doctrine and contrasts with early/theravada emphasis on individual liberation. Useful for definitions, doctrinal comparison and essay answers; prepare by memorising the doctrinal distinction and supporting literary examples.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 10.1 The development of Mahayana Buddhism > p. 103
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > The Starving Tigress: A Jataka Tale > p. 42
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Kinship, Caste and Class > A Story of Bodhisattva from the Matanga Jataka > p. 67
🔗 Anchor: "In the religious history of India, does the term "Bodhisattva" refer to a compas..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Bodhisattva in literature and iconography (Jataka tales & sculpture)
💡 The insight

Jataka stories (e.g., the Starving Tigress) and references to Bodhisattva sculptures (Avalokitesvara) show how the ideal is depicted in texts and art.

Useful for culture/art-history questions and source-based answers—helps identify themes in narratives and visual culture. Links religious doctrine to material culture; revise key Jataka episodes and common Bodhisattva iconography for quick identification in questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > The Starving Tigress: A Jataka Tale > p. 42
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Architecture and Sculpture > p. 129
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Aianta > p. 133
🔗 Anchor: "In the religious history of India, does the term "Bodhisattva" refer to a compas..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Mahayana development and the 'saviour' concept
💡 The insight

Reference [1] links the emergence of a saviour-idea with the development of the Bodhisattva concept in Mahayana Buddhism.

Important for chronology and sectarian differences in Buddhism—enables answers on doctrinal evolution, causes of religious change and sect formation. Study causes and features of Mahayana alongside primary examples like the Bodhisattva ideal.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 10.1 The development of Mahayana Buddhism > p. 103
🔗 Anchor: "In the religious history of India, does the term "Bodhisattva" refer to a compas..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Bodhisattva ideal (Mahayana) and postponement of nibbana
💡 The insight

Reference [1] explicitly describes Bodhisattas using merit to help others rather than to attain nibbana, which is the core of the statement.

High-yield for UPSC Buddhism questions: clarifies distinction between the Bodhisattva ideal and earlier emphasis on individual liberation. Connects to Mahayana developments, religious ideas, and social-religious change. Prepare by comparing primary textbook passages (e.g., NCERT) and Jataka examples to answer conceptual and comparative questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 10.1 The development of Mahayana Buddhism > p. 103
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 2.3 Debates and discussions > p. 85
🔗 Anchor: "In the religious history of India, does a Bodhisattva deliberately delay attaini..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The specific Bodhisattvas. Since they asked the definition here, the next logical step is the *names*. Memorize: Avalokitesvara/Padmapani (Compassion/Lotus), Manjushri (Wisdom/Sword), Vajrapani (Power/Thunderbolt), and Maitreya (The Future Buddha yet to come).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Use the 'Etymological Logic' hack. 'Maha-yana' means Great Vehicle (Big/Universal), implying room for everyone (Salvation for all). 'Hina-yana' means Lesser Vehicle (Small/Individual), implying a solitary path. The concept of a 'Saviour' who helps *all* beings (Statements 2 & 3) logically fits the 'Great/Universal' vehicle, not the 'Lesser/Individual' one. Thus, Statement 1 is a contradiction in terms.

🔗 Mains Connection

GS-4 Ethics (Altruism vs. Individualism). The Bodhisattva ideal—delaying one's own liberation to help others—is the ultimate historical example of 'Selflessness' and 'Public Service'. Use this as a powerful anecdote in Ethics answers regarding compassion.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2020 · Q72 Relevance score: 4.68

With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements : 1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism. 2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism. 3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

IAS · 2017 · Q53 Relevance score: 4.46

With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements : 1. Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of Jainism. 2. Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of phenomena were not wholly momentary, but existed forever in a latent form. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

IAS · 2023 · Q42 Relevance score: 2.36

With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements : 1. The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin. 2. Stupa was generally a repository of relics. 3. Stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition. How many of the statements given above are correct?

IAS · 2020 · Q21 Relevance score: 2.11

With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following pairs : 1. Parivrajaka - Renunciant and Wanderer 2. Shramana - Priest with a high status 3. Upasaka - Lay follower of Buddhism Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched ?