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Q89 (IAS/2018) History & Culture › Modern India (Pre-1857) › Colonial education policy Official Key

With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs : Institution Founder 1. Sanskrit College at Benaras - William Jones 2. Calcutta Madarsa - Warren Hastings 3. Fort William College - Arthur Wellesley Which of the pairs given above is/are correct ?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is option B (2 only) because only the pairing of Calcutta Madarsa with Warren Hastings is accurate.

In 1781, Warren Hastings set up the Calcutta Madrasah for the study and teaching of Muslim law and related subjects[1], making pair 2 correct.

Pair 1 is incorrect because in 1791, Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskrit College at Varanasi[1], not William Jones. William Jones founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784[2], which was a different institution.

Pair 3 is also incorrect because Fort William College was set up by Wellesley in 1800[3], but his name was Lord Wellesley (Richard Wellesley), not Arthur Wellesley. Arthur Wellesley was his younger brother, who later became the Duke of Wellington and is famous for defeating Napoleon at Waterloo.

Therefore, only pair 2 correctly matches the institution with its founder.

Sources
  1. [1] Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 6: Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy > Spread of Modern Education > p. 119
  2. [2] https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/secsocscicour/english/lesson-05.pdf
  3. [3] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
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Out of everyone who attempted this question.
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got it right
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs : Institution Founder 1. Sanskri…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 3.3/10 · 6.7/10

This is a 'Precision Trap' question. The facts are standard (Spectrum/NCERT), but the options rely on name confusion (Arthur vs. Richard Wellesley) and role confusion (Jones the Scholar vs. Duncan the Resident). If you read superficially, you walked into the trap.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Was the Sanskrit College at Benaras (Varanasi) founded by William Jones during British colonial rule in India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"the Sanskrit College at Banaras founded by Jonathan Duncan (1794)"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names the founder of the Sanskrit College at Banaras as Jonathan Duncan with a date (1794).
  • Directly contradicts the claim that William Jones founded the Sanskrit College.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Asiatic Society of Bengal founded by William Jones in 1784."
Why this source?
  • Attributes an institutional foundation to William Jones (Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784), showing his role was founding the Asiatic Society, not the Sanskrit College.
  • Helps distinguish William Jones's activities from those of the actual founder of the Sanskrit College.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
Strength: 5/5
“For the first 60 years of its dominion in India, the East India Company, a trading and profit-making concern, took no interest in the promotion of education. Some minor exceptions were efforts by individuals— ● The Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and related subjects. ● The Sanskrit College was established by Jonathan Duncan, the resident, at Benaras in 1791 for study of Hindu law and philosophy. ● Fort William College was set up by Wellesley in 1800 for training of civil servants of the Company in languages and customs of Indians (closed in 1802).”
Why relevant

Explicitly names the founder as Jonathan Duncan (resident at Benaras) and gives the founding year 1791 for the Sanskrit College.

How to extend

A student could check biographical timelines (Duncan vs Jones) and the college's founding records to see which individual's activities coincide with 1791.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 6: Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy > Spread of Modern Education > p. 119
Strength: 5/5
“Ă The British were more successful in helping to revolutionise the intellectual life of India through the introduction of modern education. Of course, the spread of modern education was not solely the work of the Government: the Christian missionaries and a large number of enlightened Indians also played an important part. For the first 60 years of its dominion in India, the East India Company—a trading, profit-making concern—took little interest in the education of its subjects. There were, however, two very minor exceptions to this policy. In 1781, Warren Hastings set up the Calcutta Madrasah for the study and teaching of Muslim law and related subjects; and, in 1791, Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskrit College at Varanasi, where he was the Resident, for the study of Hindu Law and Philosophy.”
Why relevant

Also states Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskrit College at Varanasi in 1791, repeating the same founder and date as a pattern across sources.

How to extend

Compare multiple independent histories for consistency about the founder and date to weigh against the claim about William Jones.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > Education > p. 269
Strength: 4/5
“The establishment of a Madrasa by a learned maulvi with the support of Warren Hastings was the beginning of initiatives of British government to promote education. This Madrasa started with forty stipendiary students. What Warren Hastings had done for the Muslims, his successor was prepared to do for the Hindus. Cornwallis established a Sanskrit college (1791) in Benares. The successive governors in the next twenty years, however, did nothing to follow it up.”
Why relevant

Attributes establishment of a Sanskrit college in Benares to Cornwallis (presented as 'his successor') in 1791, showing there are multiple attributions to British officials other than William Jones.

How to extend

A student could map which British officials were active in Benares in 1791 and cross-check which of them had authority to found such an institution.

History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > e) Invoking India's glorious Past > p. 7
Strength: 4/5
“(e) Invoking India's glorious Past Orientalists like William Jones, Charles Wilkins and Max Muller explored and translated religious, historical and literary texts from Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic into English and made them available to all. Influenced by the richness of Indian traditions and scholarship, many of the early nationalists made a fervent plea to revive the pristine glory of India.”
Why relevant

Describes William Jones as an Orientalist who explored and translated classical texts, without mentioning institutional founding, suggesting his role was scholarly rather than administrative/foundational.

How to extend

Use Jones's known biography (scholar/Orientalist) to assess whether founding a Sanskrit college fits his documented activities.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 9: A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements > Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar > p. 213
Strength: 3/5
“The great scholar and reformer, Vidyasagar's ideas were a happy blend of Indian and Western thought. He believed in high moral values, was a deep humanist and was generous to the poor. In 1850, he became the principal of Sanskrit College. He was determined to break the priestly monopoly of scriptural knowledge, and for this he opened the Sanskrit College to non-brahmins. He introduced Western thought in Sanskrit College to break the self-imposed isolation of Sanskritic learning. As an academician, he evolved a new methodology to teach Sanskrit. He also devised a new Bengali primer and evolved a new prose style.”
Why relevant

Shows the Sanskrit College was an established institution by 1850 (Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar became its principal), implying the college predated mid-19th-century figures and any claim about its founder should match earlier records.

How to extend

Confirm the college's institutional continuity and earlier founding claims by checking who held authority to found it before 1850.

Statement 2
Was the Calcutta Madarsa (Calcutta Madrasa) established by Warren Hastings during British colonial rule in India?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
Presence: 5/5
“For the first 60 years of its dominion in India, the East India Company, a trading and profit-making concern, took no interest in the promotion of education. Some minor exceptions were efforts by individuals— ● The Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and related subjects. ● The Sanskrit College was established by Jonathan Duncan, the resident, at Benaras in 1791 for study of Hindu law and philosophy. ● Fort William College was set up by Wellesley in 1800 for training of civil servants of the Company in languages and customs of Indians (closed in 1802).”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states: 'The Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warren Hastings in 1781.'
  • Specifies purpose: study of Muslim law and related subjects, linking the institution to Hastings' initiative.
Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 6: Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy > Spread of Modern Education > p. 119
Presence: 5/5
“Ă The British were more successful in helping to revolutionise the intellectual life of India through the introduction of modern education. Of course, the spread of modern education was not solely the work of the Government: the Christian missionaries and a large number of enlightened Indians also played an important part. For the first 60 years of its dominion in India, the East India Company—a trading, profit-making concern—took little interest in the education of its subjects. There were, however, two very minor exceptions to this policy. In 1781, Warren Hastings set up the Calcutta Madrasah for the study and teaching of Muslim law and related subjects; and, in 1791, Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskrit College at Varanasi, where he was the Resident, for the study of Hindu Law and Philosophy.”
Why this source?
  • Directly repeats that 'in 1781, Warren Hastings set up the Calcutta Madrasah' for teaching Muslim law.
  • Places the Madrasah as one of the two minor educational exceptions during early Company rule, corroborating the claim.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > Education > p. 269
Presence: 4/5
“The establishment of a Madrasa by a learned maulvi with the support of Warren Hastings was the beginning of initiatives of British government to promote education. This Madrasa started with forty stipendiary students. What Warren Hastings had done for the Muslims, his successor was prepared to do for the Hindus. Cornwallis established a Sanskrit college (1791) in Benares. The successive governors in the next twenty years, however, did nothing to follow it up.”
Why this source?
  • Describes establishment of a Madrasa with the support of Warren Hastings, adding corroborative nuance about local collaboration.
  • Notes institutional details (started with forty stipendiary students), supporting the existence and Hastings' involvement.
Statement 3
Was Fort William College founded by Arthur Wellesley during British colonial rule in India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Fort William College founded by Wellesley (1800)."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names the Fort William College and attributes its founding to Wellesley.
  • Gives the founding year (1800), placing it in the period of British colonial rule.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Fort William College founded by Lord Wellesley in 1800."
Why this source?
  • Directly states that Fort William College was founded by Lord Wellesley.
  • Repeats the founding year 1800, confirming the timeframe under British rule.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 26: Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Developments > Wellesley's Role > p. 514
Strength: 5/5
“In 1800, Wellesley (governor-general, 1798-1805) set up the Fort William College for training of new recruits. In 1806 Wellesley's college was disapproved by the Court of Directors and instead the East India College was set up at Haileybury in England to impart two years' training to the recruits.”
Why relevant

States that 'Wellesley (governor-general, 1798-1805) set up the Fort William College for training of new recruits' in 1800, linking the college's foundation to the Governor-General named Wellesley.

How to extend

A student could note this ties the college to the Governor‑General Wellesley (1798–1805) and compare that officeholder's identity with 'Arthur Wellesley' to test if they are the same person.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.5 Reforms in Civil and Judicial Administration > p. 269
Strength: 4/5
“With this object, the College of Fort William was founded at Calcutta in 1800. A three-year course of study was provided for the Company's civil servants. The college was staffed by European professors and eighty Indian pundits. This became the Oriental School for Bengal civilians. In 1806 the East India College was established in England. In Madras, the College of Fort St George was set up by EW.”
Why relevant

Specifies 'College of Fort William was founded at Calcutta in 1800' and that it served Company's civil servants, reinforcing the date, place, and patron 'Wellesley'.

How to extend

Use the 1800 date and the role (founder called Wellesley) plus a timeline of Arthur Wellesley's known activities to check plausibility of his being founder.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 6: Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy > Civil Service > p. 108
Strength: 5/5
“Wellesley therefore established the College of Fort William at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the Civil Service Till 1853 all appointments to the Civil Service were made by the Directors of the East India Company who placated the members of the Board of Control by letting them make some of the nominations. The Directors fought hard to retain this lucrative and prized privilege and refused to surrender it even when their other economic and political privileges were taken away by Parliament. A special feature of the Indian Civil Service since the days of Cornwallis was the rigid and complete exclusion of Indians from it.”
Why relevant

Explicitly says 'Wellesley therefore established the College of Fort William at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the Civil Service', linking the institution to Wellesley's administrative actions.

How to extend

Combine this attribution to 'Wellesley' with the fact that the founder is described as Governor‑General elsewhere to infer whether Arthur Wellesley (if not Governor‑General) is likely the founder.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
Strength: 4/5
“For the first 60 years of its dominion in India, the East India Company, a trading and profit-making concern, took no interest in the promotion of education. Some minor exceptions were efforts by individuals— ● The Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and related subjects. ● The Sanskrit College was established by Jonathan Duncan, the resident, at Benaras in 1791 for study of Hindu law and philosophy. ● Fort William College was set up by Wellesley in 1800 for training of civil servants of the Company in languages and customs of Indians (closed in 1802).”
Why relevant

Lists Fort William College being 'set up by Wellesley in 1800' among other educational foundations, giving a pattern that colonial Governor(s) or officials initiated such colleges.

How to extend

A student could use this pattern (officials founding colleges) plus identification of which Wellesley held the founding administrative post in 1800 to assess the claim about Arthur Wellesley.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 4: The British Conquest of India > Expansion under Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) > p. 75
Strength: 4/5
“The next large-scale expansion of British rule in India occurred during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Wellesley who came to India in 1798 at a time when the British were locked in a life and death struggle with France all over the world. Till then, the British had followed the policy of consolidating their gains and resources in India and making territorial gains only when this could be done safely without antagonising the major Indian powers. Lord Wellesley decided that the time was ripe for bringing as many Indian states as possible under British control”
Why relevant

Describes 'Lord Wellesley' as Governor‑General (1798–1805) and outlines his active policy in India, which contextualises who 'Wellesley' refers to when institutions are attributed to that name.

How to extend

Use this to distinguish 'Lord Wellesley' (Governor‑General active 1798–1805) from other Wellesleys (e.g., Arthur) by checking which Wellesley held that office in 1800.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC creates difficulty not by asking obscure facts, but by swapping attributes of famous contemporaries. The pattern is 'Right Surname, Wrong First Name' or 'Right Category (Orientalist), Wrong Person'.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Trap (Statement 3) / Sitter (Statement 2). Source: Spectrum Ch 30 (Education) or Old NCERT Bipin Chandra.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Evolution of British Education Policy: From Orientalism (Hastings/Duncan) to Anglicism (Macaulay).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Orientalist Trio': 1) Calcutta Madarsa (1781, Warren Hastings), 2) Asiatic Society (1784, William Jones), 3) Sanskrit College (1791, Jonathan Duncan). Also, distinguish the Wellesleys: Richard (GG, Subsidiary Alliance, Fort William College) vs. Arthur (General, Battle of Assaye).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When you see a famous surname like 'Wellesley', pause. UPSC often swaps the Governor-General (Richard) with his military brother (Arthur). Always verify the *first name* in historical pairs.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Founders of early colonial educational institutions
💡 The insight

References identify specific founders/initiators for institutions (e.g., Warren Hastings for Calcutta Madrasah; Jonathan Duncan or Cornwallis for the Sanskrit College).

High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask which official or reformer established particular colonial institutions. Mastering this helps answer institution-origin, administrative action, and education-policy items; link to broader topics like colonial administration and reformers. Learn by creating a timeline of institutions and their founders.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > Education > p. 269
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 6: Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy > Spread of Modern Education > p. 119
🔗 Anchor: "Was the Sanskrit College at Benaras (Varanasi) founded by William Jones during B..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Orientalists versus Company administrators
💡 The insight

Evidence distinguishes scholarly Orientalists (William Jones, Charles Wilkins, Max Müller) who translated texts from administrators/residents (e.g., Jonathan Duncan, Cornwallis) who founded institutions.

Useful to distinguish roles in questions about cultural/intellectual history vs administrative actions during colonial rule. Helps classify actors (scholars vs officials) in cause–effect questions and essays on cultural encounters and institutional history.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > e) Invoking India's glorious Past > p. 7
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
🔗 Anchor: "Was the Sanskrit College at Benaras (Varanasi) founded by William Jones during B..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 East India Company early education policy and its exceptions
💡 The insight

References state the Company largely neglected education initially but made a few exceptions, citing specific institutions founded in the late 18th century.

Core concept for questions on colonial education policy and its evolution; connects to topics like missionary education, spread of modern education, and later reforms. Useful for comparative questions and framing essay/short-answer responses on policy continuity and exceptions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 6: Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy > Spread of Modern Education > p. 119
🔗 Anchor: "Was the Sanskrit College at Benaras (Varanasi) founded by William Jones during B..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Exceptions to Company indifference in education
💡 The insight

References repeatedly note the East India Company's general neglect of education but identify a few early exceptions including the Calcutta Madrasah.

High-yield for UPSC: explains the pattern of early colonial educational policy and helps answer questions on why and how limited institutional education began under Company rule. Connects to broader topics of colonial administrative priorities and cultural policy; useful for essays and prelims/GS mains questions on education under the British.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 6: Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy > Spread of Modern Education > p. 119
🔗 Anchor: "Was the Calcutta Madarsa (Calcutta Madrasa) established by Warren Hastings durin..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Purpose and nature of the Calcutta Madrasah
💡 The insight

Evidence specifies the Madrasah's foundation purpose — study and teaching of Muslim law and related subjects under Hastings' initiative.

Important for understanding targeted colonial educational initiatives aimed at legal/administrative needs; helps in answering questions on institutional objectives, communal/legal education, and links between administration and scholarship.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 6: Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy > Spread of Modern Education > p. 119
🔗 Anchor: "Was the Calcutta Madarsa (Calcutta Madrasa) established by Warren Hastings durin..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Role of individual officials in founding institutions
💡 The insight

References attribute founding of specific institutions to named officials (Warren Hastings for the Madrasah; Jonathan Duncan/Cornwallis for Sanskrit/other colleges).

Useful for tracing how early colonial policies often rested on individual initiatives rather than systematic government programmes. Helps tackle source-based questions, match officials to reforms, and compare ad hoc vs. institutional colonial reforms.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > Education > p. 269
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 6: Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy > Spread of Modern Education > p. 119
🔗 Anchor: "Was the Calcutta Madarsa (Calcutta Madrasa) established by Warren Hastings durin..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Fort William College (1800) — purpose & founding
💡 The insight

Multiple references state that Fort William College was founded in 1800 to train Company civil servants in languages and Indian customs.

High-yield for administrative-history questions: explains British efforts to train civil servants and the colonial institutional response to governance needs. Links to topics on education policy under the East India Company and later administrative reforms; useful for questions asking 'why' colonial institutions were set up and their functions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 26: Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Developments > Wellesley's Role > p. 514
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.5 Reforms in Civil and Judicial Administration > p. 269
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 30: Development of Education > Under Company Rule > p. 563
🔗 Anchor: "Was Fort William College founded by Arthur Wellesley during British colonial rul..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Haileybury College (1806): Established in England to replace Fort William College because the Court of Directors disapproved of training officials in Calcutta. This is the logical successor fact to Statement 3.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Apply 'Role Consistency' logic. Arthur Wellesley was a military commander (later Duke of Wellington). Colleges are administrative/policy decisions made by the Head of State (Governor-General). Therefore, Arthur is unlikely to be the founder. Eliminate 3.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS1 (History/Culture): These institutions represent the 'Orientalist' phase where British rulers tried to govern India through Indian laws/customs. Contrast this with the 1835 Macaulay Minute (Anglicist phase) which aimed to create 'Brown Englishmen'.

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