Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? 1. Automobile exhaust 2. Tobacco smoke 3. Wood burning 4. Using varnished wooden furniture 5. Using products made of polyurethane Select the correct answer using the code given below:

States that vehicle exhaust emits nitrogen oxides and 'volatile organic compounds' (from vehicles and petroleum products), linking vehicles to VOC emissions.

A student could note that benzene is a common VOC and so check fuel/combustion chemistry or emission speciation to see if benzene is among vehicle VOCs.

Quotes WHO saying 'exhaust fumes can cause cancer', implying exhaust contains carcinogenic compounds.

Knowing benzene is a well-known carcinogen, a student could investigate whether known carcinogens in exhaust include benzene.

Identifies transport vehicle emissions as a major urban air-pollution source and describes policy to reduce vehicle emissions.

A student could take that vehicles are major pollutant sources and look up typical pollutants emitted by vehicles (including specific VOCs like benzene).

Discusses 'Control of Automobile Exhaust' and gaseous pollutant control (combustion, adsorption), implying vehicles emit gaseous toxicants.

Given vehicles emit gaseous pollutants, a student could seek emission inventories or speciation studies listing which gaseous organics (e.g., benzene) are present in exhaust.

Notes that vehicles contribute substantially to urban particulates and are a key source in cities, showing vehicles are major contributors to urban air contamination.

A student could combine this with knowledge that traffic sources emit both particulates and VOCs, then check VOC composition for benzene.

Explicitly states 'Tobacco: Smoke generates a wide range of harmful chemicals' and lists VOCs earlier as indoor pollutant category.

A student can check whether benzene is one of the 'harmful chemicals' or belongs to the VOC class commonly emitted by combustion/smoke.

Lists 'Tobacco Smoke' among air-pollution sources causing respiratory harm, grouping it with other combustion and emission sources.

Use the pattern that combustion-related emissions (here tobacco) produce chemical pollutants, then look up whether benzene is typical of such combustion emissions.

Defines 'smoke' and suspended particulate matter as solids in air (smoke, dust, vapor) that carry pollutants and cause health effects.

Recognize smoke as a carrier of chemical pollutants (including volatile organics); then investigate if benzene, a volatile organic, is present in smoke emissions from tobacco.

States smoking 'releases toxic chemicals into the air' and causes passive smoking, emphasizing that tobacco smoke pollutes indoor air.

Combine this with the fact that benzene is a known toxic air chemical to motivate checking analytical studies measuring benzene in tobacco-smoke-exposed air.

Notes that urban/industrial smoke provides nuclei for smog formation, showing smoke from combustion contributes to atmospheric chemical mixtures.

Extend the combustion→smoke→air-pollutant chain to ask whether benzene (a common combustion-related VOC) is part of those mixtures from tobacco smoke.

Identifies 'biomass burning (possibly domestic wood burning)' as a major source of brown carbon and smoke/particulates from impure combustion.

A student could note that brown carbon/particulate-producing biomass combustion often co-emits organic vapours and check whether benzene (a volatile organic compound) is known to accompany such combustion.

States that burning firewood and similar traditional fuels produces large amounts of smoke and other air pollutants indoors.

One could combine this with the fact that many smoke emissions include volatile organics and then investigate whether benzene is among the typical VOCs in smoke from wood stoves or open fires.

Explains that when wood is ignited, volatile substances vaporize and burn, so combustion releases gaseous combustion products.

A student could extend this by checking standard lists of vapours released during pyrolysis/combustion of wood to see if benzene is produced during those volatile releases or incomplete combustion.

Notes burning traditional fuel for cooking/heating leads to indoor and outdoor air pollution (linking wood burning to air pollutant exposure).

Use this pattern (wood-burning → air pollution) plus external lists of common pollutants from biomass smoke to assess whether benzene commonly appears in such lists.

Says biomass burning emits gaseous organics such as formaldehyde and formic acid, showing that wood/forest fires produce specific volatile organic compounds.

A student could infer biomass burning emits VOCs and then consult chemical emission profiles from biomass burning to determine whether benzene is typically among those VOCs.

Lists volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoor sources and explicitly names 'furniture polish' and 'wood preservatives' among products that emit VOCs (and separately notes formaldehyde).

A student could infer that finishes/varnishes or related wood-treatment products may likewise emit VOCs and then check if benzene is a VOC used or emitted by such products or measurable near varnished furniture.

States that indoor air can contain 'air toxins' and that exposure to multi-pollutant mixtures from indoor sources (e.g., diesel example) has health impact, indicating such mixtures may include species like VOCs.

One could extend this general rule to consider varnished furniture as a potential contributor to an indoor multi-pollutant mix and investigate whether benzene is among typical indoor 'air toxins' emitted by finishes.

Defines air pollution as addition of gases/vapours and links increased use of different fuels/processes to emission of toxic gases, establishing a general pattern that manufactured materials/processes emit gaseous pollutants.

Use the general definition to frame varnish off‑gassing as a source of gaseous contaminants and then look up whether varnish formulations or their solvents can include benzene.

Notes that some domestic activities (biomass burning) are major contributors to indoor pollution, illustrating that everyday household materials/processes commonly generate indoor pollutants.

By analogy, consider finishing/varnishing as an everyday household/materials process that could emit pollutants and seek specific data on benzene emissions from varnishes or coated wood.

Provides examples of named pollutants and their industrial/combustion sources, showing textbooks list specific pollutant↔source links as a pattern.

Apply this pattern: search for authoritative lists linking benzene to product types (e.g., solvents, varnishes) or for measurements of benzene near varnished furniture to evaluate the claim.