Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? 1. Automobile exhaust 2. Tobacco smoke 3. Wood burning 4. Using varnished wooden furniture 5. Using products made of polyurethane Select the correct answer using the code given below:

States that ground-level ozone is formed when vehicle emissions containing nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (from vehicles, petroleum products, etc.) interact in sunlight — identifies vehicles as a source of VOCs.

A student can note that benzene is a common volatile organic compound associated with petroleum/fuel and thus investigate whether vehicle exhaust VOC profiles include benzene.

Quotes WHO framing exhaust fumes as potentially cancer-causing, implying presence of carcinogenic compounds in exhaust.

Knowing benzene is a known carcinogen, a student could test whether benzene is one of the carcinogenic compounds emitted in vehicle exhaust or cited in WHO reports.

Links combustion of fossil fuels and increasing fuel use to marked increases in emission of toxic gases from vehicles and other sources.

A student could combine this with the fact that benzene is a combustion-related/tied-to-fuel compound to seek analytical measurements of benzene in exhaust from fossil-fuel combustion.

Discusses control of automobile exhaust and classifies gaseous pollutants as removable by combustion, absorption, adsorption — implying vehicles emit a range of gaseous pollutants.

A student could infer that among those gaseous pollutants are VOCs and then look up whether benzene is specifically targeted by such control technologies or monitoring.

Notes that vehicle emissions release various pollutants (CO, CO2, NOx, lead, heavy metals) and that increased vehicles have worsened urban air quality and health effects.

Using this pattern that vehicles emit multiple harmful compounds, a student could seek studies measuring specific species (like benzene) in urban air attributable to traffic.

States that tobacco smoke 'generates a wide range of harmful chemicals' and lists 'volatile organic compounds' as an indoor pollutant class.

A student could note that benzene is a volatile organic compound (VOC) and therefore plausibly could be among the many chemicals produced by tobacco smoke; they would then check VOC lists or measurements for benzene in smoke.

Says smoking 'releases toxic chemicals into the air', causing passive exposure to bystanders.

Use this general rule (smoke emits toxic air pollutants) plus the fact that benzene is a known toxic air pollutant to hypothesize that tobacco smoke could be a source of benzene exposure and look for quantitative measurements.

Lists 'Tobacco Smoke' alongside other pollutant sources (e.g., vehicles, industries) and associates it with respiratory irritation and cancer.

Treats tobacco smoke as a recognized air pollutant source—so a student could compare known emissions inventories (e.g., VOCs like benzene) from different sources to assess tobacco's contribution to benzene exposure.

Notes that policy should consider which source 'feeds to a greater exposure to health damaging pollutants' rather than only emission totals.

Suggests a pathway: even if tobacco emits less benzene mass than vehicles, proximity and indoor smoking could lead to significant human exposure—students could combine source emission data with exposure scenarios to evaluate contribution.

Explains that smoke in urban/industrial areas contributes to smog by providing nuclei, linking smoke to broader air-quality impacts.

Indicates smoke influences atmospheric pollutant behavior; a student might extend this to consider how tobacco smoke could carry or release gaseous pollutants (like benzene) that affect local air quality and exposure.

States that incomplete burning of carbon‑based fuels including wood produces gases (e.g., carbon monoxide) — showing combustion of wood emits incomplete‑combustion pollutants.

A student could note that many volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene, are known incomplete‑combustion products and therefore check published VOC emission lists for wood/biomass combustion.

Explains that when wood burns volatile substances vaporize and burn with a flame — indicating wood emits volatile compounds during combustion.

One could extend this by recognizing benzene is a volatile organic compound and hence plausibly emitted during volatilization/combustion of organic material, prompting targeted measurement of benzene in smoke samples.

Notes that biomass burning emits specific volatile organics (formaldehyde, formic acid) — an example that biomass fires release small oxygenated organic pollutants.

A student could infer that if biomass emits some volatile organics, other VOCs (like benzene) might also be emitted and thus seek studies or emission inventories listing benzene from biomass fires.

Identifies biomass/domestic wood burning as a major source of brown carbon/particulate smoke — showing wood combustion emits complex pollutant mixtures (particles + organics).

From this, one could reason that smoke contains multiple chemical species and therefore check whether benzene is routinely detected in particulate/smoke chemical analyses from biomass burning.

Highlights that rural indoor use of firewood/charcoal produces large amounts of smoke and high exposure, especially for women and children — providing an exposure pathway context.

A student could combine this exposure setting with emission evidence (above) to assess potential human benzene exposure from household wood smoke and look for indoor air measurements of benzene in such homes.