Which one of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon' ? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emissions in a given year.

Explains a carbon tax is levied based on the amount of carbon contained in a fuel — showing a policy that attaches a monetary value to CO2 quantity.

A student could compare the idea of a tax-per-tonne to the concept of a monetary cost-per-tonne and ask whether that cost is intended to reflect damages (social cost) rather than simply revenue or behaviour change.

States carbon offsets are quantified and sold in metric tonnes of CO2e, i.e., a market price is assigned to each tonne of avoided emissions.

Use market prices for one tonne of CO2e as examples to test whether a single monetary value can represent the long-term damage per tonne.

Defines carbon credit as earned when an organisation reduces emissions by one tonne of CO2e — linking one-tonne units to tradable monetary instruments.

A student could examine how credit pricing attempts to internalise externalities and whether that pricing is set to reflect long-term damages per tonne.

Gives an example comparing emissions from a thermal plant versus a wind plant and mentions investment/trading to avoid emissions — illustrating monetary choices tied to tonnes of emissions avoided.

Compare the cost of investing in low-emission alternatives per tonne avoided to estimates of damages per tonne to see if they align with the supposed 'social cost'.

Describes a Clean Energy Cess and later a Compensation Cess on coal production expressed per tonne — an explicit monetary charge tied to a unit of carbon-containing fuel.

A student could use such per-tonne charges as proximate examples to ask whether they were designed to reflect long-term social damages (social cost) or other policy objectives.

Explains 'Carbon Tax' is levied based on the amount of carbon contained in fuels and aims to reduce fossil-fuel use by internalising a cost per fuel unit.

A student could extend this to note that policy instruments treat carbon emissions as a per-unit cost (similar to social cost per tonne CO2) rather than as the 'requirement' of fuel needed to provide goods/services.

Reiterates the carbon-tax rule: tax based on carbon content of fuels and intended to raise the cost of fossil fuel consumption.

Combine this with knowledge of SCC being a monetary value per unit emissions to judge that SCC relates to damages/costs per emission not to physical fuel requirements.

Describes Clean Energy Cess and GST Compensation Cess on coal — examples of levies applied to fossil fuel production/consumption to capture negative externalities.

A student could infer that governments quantify and charge for carbon-related harms (monetary charges), suggesting SCC is about monetary cost of emissions rather than a fuel 'requirement' metric.

States burning fossil fuels produces CO2 causing global damages (climate impacts) and highlights per-capita emission differences between countries.

Using these emission-impact links plus external facts (SCC measures damages per tonne CO2), a student could see SCC concerns harms from emissions, not the quantity of fuel needed to provide services.

Notes coal provides a substantial part of a nation's energy needs, emphasising dependence on fossil fuels for goods and services.

A student might combine this with the above that dependence (fuel requirement) is distinct from policies that price emissions (SCC), helping separate 'fuel requirement' from 'social cost per emission'.

Gives a clear definition of 'adaptation' as measures to minimise climate impacts, e.g., relocating communities or switching crops — shows adaptation involves actions and costs by people/communities.

A student could contrast this definition of adaptation (individual/community actions) with what 'social cost' might represent (an aggregate economic metric) to test if SCC refers to individual refugee effort.

Describes the Adaptation Fund as financing concrete adaptation projects to reduce adverse effects — frames adaptation as financed interventions rather than a single-person effort.

One could extend this to ask whether the 'cost' in 'Social Cost of Carbon' more likely refers to aggregated economic damages/finance needs (like these funds) rather than a lone refugee's adaptations.

Explains the Special Climate Change Fund covers 'incremental costs of interventions' and prioritises adaptation — introduces the idea of measuring costs of climate interventions relative to a baseline.

A student could use this pattern (costs of interventions relative to baseline) to infer SCC is an economic valuation concept, then compare that to the idea of individual adaptation efforts.

Lists climate-related push factors for migration (unpleasant climate, natural disasters) and distinguishes migrants/refugees — links climate impacts to displacement and adaptation needs of migrants.

Combine this with adaptation definitions to evaluate whether SCC would be expected to equal the personal adaptation efforts of climate refugees or instead a broader economic damage metric.

Describes carbon trading and carbon credits as market mechanisms addressing emissions, indicating there exist economic instruments and valuations linked to carbon.

A student could extend this to reason that terms like 'social cost' are likely to be an economic/valuation concept (akin to market mechanisms) rather than a description of individual refugee actions.

Defines 'carbon footprint' as the amount of carbon emitted by an activity or organization and places it within the broader 'ecological footprint' concept (demand on Earth's ecosystems).

A student could combine this per-activity/person footprint idea with the notion of a societal cost to ask whether social cost is simply the aggregated per-person footprints or something different (e.g., monetized externalities).

Explains carbon footprint as the mark left by daily activities, measured in CO2 units—i.e., an individual-level measurable contribution to emissions.

Use the per-person measurable emissions as input data to compute an individual's share of global damages if one assumes a monetized cost per tonne (basic outside fact).

Gives concrete per-capita emission differences (US vs India) illustrating that individual contributions to emissions vary and have global consequences.

A student could multiply per-capita emissions by an assumed cost per tonne (external cost) to estimate an individual's social cost contribution, highlighting why SCC might be related but not identical to the simple 'contribution' phrase.

Says carbon taxes 'place the external costs of carbon emission on the polluter,' introducing the concept of external/social costs tied to emissions.

Combine the idea of external costs with per-person emissions to test whether 'social cost' is a per-person metric (e.g., is SCC the external cost per tonne times individual emissions?).

States an organisation earns a carbon credit for reducing one tonne of CO2 versus a standard, linking emissions quantities to tradable/monetary instruments.

A student can relate tonnes avoided (or emitted) to monetary values from carbon markets to judge if 'social cost' is equivalent to individual contributions valued monetarily.