Question map
Consider the following statements : 1. The President of India can summon a session of the Parliament at such place as he/she thinks fit. 2. The Constitution of India provides for three sessions of the Parliament in a year, but it is not mandatory to conduct all three sessions. 3. There is no minimum number of days that the Parliament is required to meet in a year. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 3 (1 and 3 only) based on the following constitutional provisions:
- Statement 1 is correct: Under Article 85(1) of the Constitution, the President has the power to summon each House of Parliament to meet at "such time and place as he thinks fit." While sessions traditionally occur in the Parliament House, New Delhi, there is no constitutional restriction on the location.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: The Constitution does not specify the number of sessions (Budget, Monsoon, and Winter). It only mandates that six months shall not intervene between two sessions. Thus, while three sessions are conventional, they are not a constitutional requirement.
- Statement 3 is correct: There is no minimum number of days prescribed by the Constitution or the Rules of Procedure for Parliament to meet annually. The only requirement is the "six-month rule" mentioned above.
Therefore, statements 1 and 3 are legally accurate, making Option 3 the right choice.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Constitution vs. Convention' trap. While standard books mention the three sessions (Budget, Monsoon, Winter), the question tests if you know that this schedule is merely a convention, whereas the Constitution only mandates the 'six-month gap' rule. It rewards precision over general reading.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Does the Constitution of India (for example Article 85) authorize the President of India to summon each House of Parliament to meet at such time and place as he/she thinks fit?
- Statement 2: Does the Constitution of India prescribe that Parliament must hold three sessions in a year?
- Statement 3: Is it mandatory under the Constitution of India that all three customary sessions of Parliament be conducted each year?
- Statement 4: Does the Constitution of India or any law prescribe a minimum number of days that Parliament must sit in a year?
- Explicitly states: 'The President from time to time summons each House of Parliament to meet at such time and place as he/ she thinks fit.'
- Also records the constitutional limit that the gap between two sessions cannot exceed six months, showing both power and its temporal restriction.
- Repeats the identical explicit wording that the President summons each House 'to meet at such time and place as he/she thinks fit.'
- Adds context by listing the usual sessions (Budget, Monsoon, Winter), illustrating practical exercise of the summoning power.
- Identifies a constitutional duty under Article 85(1): the President must summon each House so that not more than six months intervene between sessions.
- Frames summoning as a power anchored in Article 85, tying the practice to a specific constitutional provision.
- Directly cites Article 85(1) of the Constitution, which limits the interval between sessions to six months.
- States this requirement ensures Parliament meets at least twice a year β not three times β so the Constitution does not mandate three sessions.
- Explicitly describes the three annual sessions as a convention, not a constitutional requirement.
- By calling it a convention, the passage implies the schedule is customary practice rather than a constitutional prescription.
- Shows a government committee recommended a timetable for three sessions, indicating scheduling has been set by convention/administrative practice.
- Notes the recommended timetable "has not, however, been observed in practice," reinforcing that such scheduling is not constitutionally fixed.
Gives the constitutional rule that the maximum gap between two sessions cannot exceed six months, therefore Parliament must meet at least twice a year; also notes that there are usually three sessions.
A student can combine the 'max six months' rule with a calendar to see that three sessions is a common practice but not strictly required by that rule.
Repeats the same constitutional limitation (no more than six months between sessions) and lists the usual practice of three sessions (Budget, Monsoon, Winter).
Use the listed customary sessions and the constitutional six-month gap to conclude three is customary, and compare with the constitutional minimum (two).
Defines what a 'session' is (period from first sitting to prorogation) and distinguishes recess, which helps interpret how session-count relates to constitutional provisions about meetings.
Knowing the formal meaning of 'session', a student can count sessions against the six-month gap rule to judge whether three sessions are mandated or merely procedural practice.
Explicitly states (in an examination context) that although there are usually three sessions in a year, 'it is not mandatory to conduct all three sessions' and 'there is no minimum number of days Parliament is required to meet'.
A student can take this as an authoritative caveat that customary practice of three sessions does not equate to a constitutional prescription.
Notes the typical pattern used in textbooks/schools: Parliament 'typically meets three times a year' and names the three sessions, reinforcing that three is a common convention.
Combine this pedagogical statement with the constitutional six-month rule to distinguish common practice (three sessions) from constitutional requirement (minimum twice).
- Explicitly states the maximum gap between two sessions cannot exceed six months.
- Concludes that Parliament should meet at least twice a year (i.e., minimum is two sessions).
- Also notes that there are usually three sessions β distinguishing customary practice from the constitutional minimum.
- Defines what a 'session' of Parliament is (from first sitting to prorogation/dissolution).
- Clarifies the concept of 'recess' between sessions, which is relevant for understanding frequency and scheduling of sessions.
- Explicitly answers the question with a clear negation.
- Provides supporting context about how the number of sitting days has fallen over time, reinforcing that there is no legal minimum.
- States that Parliament meeting thrice a year is a convention, implying scheduling is customary rather than constitutionally or legally mandated.
- Describes the usual session pattern (Budget, Monsoon, Winter), supporting that session timing/lengths are convention-based.
An UPSC practice item (from a standard text) states plainly that 'There is no minimum number of days that the Parliament is required to meet in a year.'
A student could treat this as a lead and verify against constitutional articles (e.g., summons/procedural provisions) or the Rules of Procedure to confirm absence of a formal minimum.
Explains the structure of sessions, meetings and sittings and describes procedural devices (adjournment, prorogation, dissolution) that control sitting days.
Using this, a student can infer that sitting frequency is governed by procedural practices (and executive/Presidential summons) rather than a fixed annual minimum, and should check constitutional summons powers for explicit minima.
Repeats that sessions comprise meetings and that adjournments can suspend sittings for indeterminate periods (adjournment sine die).
A student can combine this with knowledge of executive authority to summon/prorogue to argue that flexible adjournment powers make a rigid yearly minimum unnecessary unless explicitly provided.
Shows a constitutional pattern where the Constitution sets maximum/minimum limits in some contexts but leaves detailed allocation to law (e.g., seat numbers left to statute).
A student could use this pattern to ask whether the constitution would similarly prescribe sitting-days or leave them to law/practice, and thus check the specific constitutional provision on summoning/parliamentary sittings.
Gives examples of constitutional/legal time-limits (e.g., 14 days to resign a state seat), demonstrating that where framers intended time minima they include them explicitly.
A student can use this contrast: because the texts show explicit day-limits in some matters, the absence of such explicit limits in the session/summons material would support the conclusion that no minimum sitting-days is prescribed.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter/Trap. Direct hit from Laxmikanth (Chapter: Parliament), but Statement 2 is a precision trap regarding the source of the rule.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Parliament > Sessions > Summoning & Prorogation (Article 85).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: 1. Adjournment vs. Prorogation (Who does it? Presiding Officer vs. President). 2. Dissolution effects on Bills (Article 107). 3. Quorum (1/10th rule - Article 100). 4. Special Address by President (Article 87 - first session after election & first session of year). 5. Rights of Ministers/AG in Houses (Article 88).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Apply the 'Source Authority Filter'. Whenever you read a rule in Polity, tag it: Is it in the Constitution? Is it in the Rules of Procedure? Or is it a Convention? UPSC swaps these tags to create false statements.
The President has constitutional authority to summon and prorogue both Houses and to dissolve the Lok Sabha, forming the core of executive-legislative interaction.
High-yield for questions on division of powers and Parliament functioning; links to constitutional articles and procedural outcomes (e.g., ordinances, joint sittings). Understanding this clarifies executive roles in legislative timelines and crisis management.
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 11: The Union Executive > a) Summoning, Prorogation, Dissolution. > p. 213
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 18: President > Legislative Powers > p. 193
Article 85(1) imposes a duty that no more than six months should elapse between the last sitting of one session and the first sitting of the next.
Essential for questions on limits to executive discretion and parliamentary continuity; explains constitutional constraint on summoning frequency and connects to topics on parliamentary sessions and emergency/ordinance provisions.
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 12: The Union Legislature > p. 245
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > Summoning > p. 235
The President can summon both Houses for a joint sitting in specified legislative deadlocks, but this mechanism excludes money bills and constitutional amendment bills.
Useful for practice on legislative procedure and deadlock resolution; helps answer questions about bill passage routes, exceptions, and Article-linked remedies for inter-House disputes.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > JOINT SITTING OF TWO HOUSES > p. 250
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 11: The Union Executive > a) Summoning, Prorogation, Dissolution. > p. 213
The Constitution requires that no more than six months may elapse between two sittings, so Parliament must meet at least twice a year.
High-yield for polity questions about parliamentary procedure and constitutional mandates; clarifies the constitutional minimum for meetings and helps distinguish legal requirements from customary practice. Useful for MCQs and mains answers on summoning and legislative continuity.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > Summoning > p. 235
- Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 23: Parliament > Summoning > p. 235
India normally holds Budget, Monsoon and Winter sessions each year, but this is a customary practice rather than a constitutional prescription.
Crucial to separate conventions from written constitutional provisionsβcommon UPSC trap. Helps answer questions about whether routine parliamentary practices are legally binding and links to executive power to summon Parliament.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > Summoning > p. 235
- Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 6: The Parliamentary System: Legislature and Executive > Productivity: > p. 158
A session is the period from the first sitting to prorogation or dissolution, which determines when Parliament is formally meeting.
Core procedural concept for questions on Parliamentβs functioning, legislative business, and effects of prorogation or dissolution on pending bills. Connects to topics on legislative process and constitutional remedies.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > Summoning > p. 236
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 12: The Union Legislature > p. 246
The Constitution limits the interval between two sittings to six months, establishing a minimum meeting frequency for Parliament.
High-yield for questions on summoning and session frequency: it directly answers how often Parliament must meet and helps distinguish constitutional requirements from customary practices. Connects to presidential powers to summon and to debates on legislative accountability.
- Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 23: Parliament > Summoning > p. 235
Since they asked about Summoning (Article 85), the logical sibling is the 'Special Address' (Article 87). The President *must* address both Houses assembled together at the commencement of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year. Unlike the '3 sessions' convention, this address is constitutionally mandatory.
Analyze Statement 2: 'The Constitution provides for three sessions... but it is not mandatory.' This is logically inconsistent. Constitutions usually set hard boundaries (minimums/maximums). If a text says 'provides for X but X is optional,' it is almost certainly a Convention, not a Constitutional Article. Eliminate Statement 2.
Link Statement 3 (No minimum sitting days) to GS-2 Mains: 'Decline of Parliament'. The lack of a fixed calendar allows the Executive to curtail sessions (e.g., shortening Monsoon sessions), thereby evading legislative scrutiny. Compare this with the UK or US where calendars are more rigid.