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Q76 (IAS/2022) Geography โ€บ Maps & Locations โ€บ Regional political geography Official Key

The term "Levant" often heard in the news roughly corresponds to which of the following regions ?

Result
Your answer: โ€”  ยท  Correct: A
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 1.

The term Levant is a geographical and cultural shorthand for the region along the eastern Mediterranean shores. Historically and geographically, it encompasses a large area in Southwest Asia, specifically including modern-day countries such as Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and sometimes parts of southern Turkey and Cyprus.

Why other options are incorrect:

  • Option 2: This refers to the Maghreb region of North Africa.
  • Option 3: This describes the geopolitical zones of the Middle East and East Africa, distinct from the Mediterranean basin.
  • Option 4: The term is specific to the eastern portion, not the entire Mediterranean coastline (which would include Southern Europe and the Maghreb).

In the context of UPSC, the Levant is frequently mentioned in international relations and security discussions, particularly concerning the Levant Basin's energy reserves and regional conflicts.

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Q. The term "Levant" often heard in the news roughly corresponds to which of the following regions ? [A] Region along the eastern Mediterraโ€ฆ
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 ยท 10/10

A classic 'Map-based Current Affairs' question. While triggered by news (ISIS/ISIL conflicts), the answer lies in static geography and etymology. It tests if you can distinguish specific regional labels (Levant, Maghreb, Sahel) from general continental descriptions.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the eastern Mediterranean shores?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Traditionally, in geographical terms, the Eastern Mediterranean is defined by lands bordering the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea"
Why this source?
  • Defines the Eastern Mediterranean geographically as lands bordering the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Links that geographic definition to the region known as the Levant.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"In the terminology commonly used in archaeological literature, the area bordering the eastern Mediterranean is called the Levant."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states that, in archaeological terminology, the area bordering the eastern Mediterranean is called the Levant.
  • Describes coastal Mediterranean climate, reinforcing the coastal/eastern-Mediterranean identity of the Levant.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The Eastern Mediterranean (EM) - Levant region is the eastern borderland of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS)."
Why this source?
  • Directly equates the Eastern Mediterranean and Levant as the eastern borderland of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.
  • Frames the Levant as part of the eastern Mediterranean region.

Themes in world history, History Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Writing and City Life > EMPIRES > p. 30
Strength: 4/5
โ€œVER the two millennia that followed the establishment of empires in Mesopotamia, various attempts at empirebuilding took place across the region and in the area to the west and east of it. By the sixth century BCE, Iranians had established control over major parts of the Assyrian empire. Networks of trade developed overland, as well as along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. In the eastern Mediterranean, Greek cities and their colonies benefited from improvements in trade that were the result of these changes. They also benefited from close trade with nomadic people to the north of the Black Sea.โ€
Why relevant

Mentions 'the eastern Mediterranean' as a distinct sub-area where Greek cities and colonies developed, implying that the Mediterranean has an eastern shore region of historical/geographic interest.

How to extend

A student could use a world map to locate the 'eastern Mediterranean' and check whether commonly named subregions there correspond to the area called the Levant.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 5. Mediterranean or Sclerophyllous Biome > p. 11
Strength: 3/5
โ€œTe Mediterranean Biome lies between 30o and 40o (in some areas upto 45o ) latitudes in both the hemispheres. Tis biome is found mainly around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia Minor (coastal Turkey), central California, central Chile, southern parts of South Africa, Tasmania and south-eastern and south-western coastal Australia (Fig. 3.6). Fig. 3.5 Northern Hemisphere Map of Subtropical Biomeโ€
Why relevant

Describes the Mediterranean Biome as occurring 'mainly around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia Minor (coastal Turkey),' indicating that the Mediterranean concept covers coastal subregions including the eastern fringes.

How to extend

One could extend this by mapping 'Asia Minor and adjacent coasts' to see if the eastern coastal belt aligns with areas often labeled the Levant.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 11: Volcanism > Mediterranean Volcanism > p. 156
Strength: 3/5
โ€œโ€ข Volcanoes of the Mediterranean region are mainly associated with the Alpine folds, e.g. Vesuvius, Stromboli (Light House of the Mediterranean) and those of the Aegean islands. A few continue into Asia Minor (Mt. Ararat, Mt. Elbrus).โ€ข The volcanism of this broad region is largely the result of convergence between the Eurasian Plate and the northward-moving African Plate. This type of volcanism is mainly due to the breaking up of the Mediterranean plate into multiple plates due to the interaction of African and Eurasian plateโ€
Why relevant

Notes Mediterranean volcanism 'continue into Asia Minor' and names Aegean islands, signaling that the Mediterranean region extends into the Anatolian/nearโ€‘east coastal zone.

How to extend

Using this pattern (Mediterranean region extends into Asia Minor), a student could compare the eastern coastal extent on a map with definitions of the Levant to judge overlap.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Distribution > p. 448
Strength: 3/5
โ€œโ€ข Mediterranean climate is confined to the western portion of continents, between 30ยฐ and 45ยฐ N and S of the equator. Mediterranean climate regions include:โ€ข The Mediterranean Sea has the greatest extent of this type of winter rain climateโ€ข Central Chile the best-developed form of this climatic typeโ€ข California (around San Francisco)โ€ข The south-western tip of Africa (around Cape Town)โ€ข Southern Australia, and South-West Australia (Swanland)โ€
Why relevant

Gives the Mediterranean climate distribution and emphasizes 'The Mediterranean Sea has the greatest extent of this type,' implying the Mediterranean has geographically distinct coastal sectors (western, central, eastern).

How to extend

A student could identify the eastern coastal sector on climate/distribution maps and then test whether that sector corresponds to the area commonly termed the Levant.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: The Rise of Empires > The Arrival of the Greeks > p. 96
Strength: 2/5
โ€œWhile events unfolded in Magadha, located in the eastern part of the subcontinent, what was happening in the northwestern region? This area was home to smaller kingdoms along an ancient route connecting to the Mediterranean. Among them, according to Greek accounts, were the Pauravas, led by their king, Porus.โ€
Why relevant

Refers to an ancient route 'connecting to the Mediterranean,' implying the Mediterranean shoreline functions as a regional reference point for adjoining inland/coastal zones.

How to extend

A student could follow such historical route references on a map to see which eastern Mediterranean coastal lands those routes reached and whether those lands are part of the Levant label in other sources.

Statement 2
Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the North African shores stretching from Egypt to Morocco?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"stretching from the mouth of the River Orontes in the north to the Isthmus of Suez in the south."
Why this source?
  • Gives a clear geographic definition and bounds for the Levant that end at the Isthmus of Suez (not extending west along North Africa).
  • Specifies the Levant's northโ€“south extent within the eastern Mediterranean region.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"the Eastern Mediterranean is defined by lands bordering the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The entire region known as the Levant includes Lebanon, Syria,"
Why this source?
  • Describes the Levant as part of the Eastern Mediterraneanโ€”lands bordering the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
  • Lists constituent areas of the Levant (e.g., Lebanon, Syria), indicating an eastern-Mediterranean, not North African, focus.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Often called Syriaโ€“Palestine or the Levant, the region divides naturally along geopolitical borders today. Scholars specialize in either Syria/Lebanon (north) or Jordan/Israel (south)"
Why this source?
  • States the Levant is often called Syriaโ€“Palestine, tying it to the eastern Mediterranean region.
  • Explains the region is commonly divided into Syria/Lebanon (north) and Jordan/Israel (south), not the North African coast from Egypt to Morocco.

Themes in world history, History Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: An Empire Across Three Continents > AN EMPIRE ACROSS THREE CONTINENTS > p. 39
Strength: 5/5
โ€œIf you look at the map, you will see that the continents of Europe and Africa are separated by a sea that stretches all the way from Spain in the west to Syria in the east. This sea is called the Mediterranean, and it was the heart of Rome's empire. Rome dominated the Mediterranean and all the regions around that sea in both directions, north as well as south. To the north, the boundaries of the empire were formed by two great rivers, the Rhine and the Danube; to the south, by the huge expanse of desert called the Sahara.โ€
Why relevant

Says the Mediterranean stretches from Spain in the west to Syria in the east, implying a distinct eastern Mediterranean zone that includes Syria rather than the North African Atlanticโ€“toโ€“Syria sweep.

How to extend

A student could check a political map to see that the eastern end of the Mediterranean (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine/Israel) โ€” often called the Levant โ€” is separate from the North African coast running west from Egypt.

Themes in world history, History Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: An Empire Across Three Continents > Economic Expansion > p. 47
Strength: 4/5
โ€œregions competed with each other for control of the main markets for the goods they produced. The success of the Spanish olive growers was then repeated by North African producers - olive estates in this part of the empire dominated production through most of the third and fourth centuries. Later, after 425, North African dominance was broken by the East: in the later fifth and sixth centuries the Aegean, southern Asia Minor (Turkey), Syria and Palestine became major exporters of wine and olive oil, and containers from Africa show a dramatically reduced presence on Mediterranean markets. Behind these broad movements the prosperity of individual regions rose and fell depending on how effectively they could organise the production and transport of particular goods, and on the quality of those goods.โ€
Why relevant

Identifies Syria and Palestine as eastern Mediterranean exporters (distinct from North Africa), indicating an eastern Mediterranean region with its own identity.

How to extend

Combine this with a map to infer that terms applied to Syria/Palestine (e.g., Levant) refer to the eastern Mediterranean, not the entire North African littoral.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > SoIl EroSIon. > p. 18
Strength: 4/5
โ€œTe worst afected areas of soil erosion have been shown in Fig. 6.7. Tese areas include: 1. USA Grainlands (Prairies), 2. Central Mexico, 3. North-East Brazil, 4. North Africa (Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco), 5. Sahel region of Africa stretching over Somalia, Ethiopia, southern Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara, 6. Botswana and Namibia, 7. Middle-East, 8. Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, etc.), 9. Mongolia, 10. Yangtze-Hwang Ho basins of China, 11. Himalayan region (Siwalik and Lesser Himalayas), 12. Baluchistan, 13. Rajasthan (Tar Desert), and 14. the desert and semi-arid regions of Australia.โ€
Why relevant

Lists North African countries (Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) as a grouped coastal region, showing a recognizable North African shore stretching from Egypt westward to Morocco.

How to extend

A student could contrast this named North African coastal grouping with usages that name the Levant (which elsewhere in the snippets centers on Syria/Palestine), suggesting the Levant is not the same as the North African shore.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 3: The Beginnings of European Settlements > The Beginnings of European Settlements > p. 47
Strength: 3/5
โ€œTNDIA'S trade relations with Europe go back to the ancient days of the Greeks. During the Middle Ages trade between Europe and India and South-East Asia was carried on along several routes. One was by sea along the Persian Gulf, and from there overland through Iraq and Turkey, and then again by sea to Venice and Genoa. A second was via the Red Sea and then overland to Alexandria in Egypt and from there by sea to Venice and Genoa. A third The old trading routes between the East and the West came under Turkish control after the Ottoman conquest of Asia Minor and the capture of Constantinople in 1453.โ€
Why relevant

Describes trade routes via the Red Sea and overland to Alexandria (Egypt) and then to Europe, treating Egypt as part of the southern Mediterranean coast distinct from overland routes through Syria/Turkey.

How to extend

Using the route distinctions plus a map, a student could infer that historical/region names differentiate Egypt/North Africa from the eastern Mediterranean (the Levant).

Statement 3
Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the Persian Gulf and the Horn of Africa?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The Southern Levant extends from the Mount Carmel down to the Negev and Wadi Rum deserts, located in southern Israel and southern Jordan, respectively."
Why this source?
  • Defines the Southern Levant in terms of locations in Israel and Jordan, tying 'Levant' to the eastern Mediterranean.
  • Describes the Levant as a north-south unit originating from the mountains of Lebanon, not the Persian Gulf or Horn of Africa.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Often called Syriaโ€“Palestine or the Levant, the region divides naturally along geopolitical borders today. Scholars specialize in either Syria/Lebanon (north) or Jordan/Israel (south),"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly equates the Levant with Syriaโ€“Palestine and notes its division into Syria/Lebanon (north) and Jordan/Israel (south).
  • Places the Levant's borders near Anatolia and Mesopotamia, not the Persian Gulf coastline or Horn of Africa.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Jordan, Israel, and Palestine Authority (West Bank and Gaza Strip)"
Why this source?
  • Lists Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian territories as parts of the Levant region.
  • Shows the Levant as associated with northeastern Africa's northern frontier and the Mediterranean, again not the Persian Gulf or Horn of Africa.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: Indiaโ€“Political Aspects > 7. Trade Routes > p. 68
Strength: 4/5
โ€œThe Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and Americas. It carries particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil-fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. The Indian Ocean is far calmer and was thus, opened to trade earlier than the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.โ€
Why relevant

Describes the Indian Ocean as connecting the Middle East and Africa and highlights the Persian Gulf as an Indian Ocean oil route, grouping the Persian Gulf with broader Indian Ocean geography.

How to extend

A student could check a standard world map to see whether the commonly given Levant region lies within the Indian Ocean/Persian Gulf zone or elsewhere.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: Indiaโ€“Political Aspects > Fig. 16.11 Indian Ocean and Adjacent Countries > p. 65
Strength: 4/5
โ€œThe Indian Ocean consists of marginal seas of Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arafura Sea, Lakshadweep Sea, Malagassi Sea, Red Sea, Sawu Sea, and Timor Sea. The main gulfs of the Indian Ocean are: Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Carpentaria, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Martaban, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Spencer. The important straits are: Bass Strait, Malacca Strait, Mozambique Channel, Palk Strait, Singapore Strait, Selat-Sunda Strait, and Tore Strait. In comparison to other oceans, it has the largest number of marginal seas-touching warm water. The Oceanic ridges in the Indian ocean are Socotra Ridge, Chagos Ridge, Gavssberg Ridge, Madagascar Ridge, Seychelles Ridge, St.โ€
Why relevant

Lists the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Aden among the main gulfs of the Indian Ocean, showing these features are coastal/Indian Ocean entities rather than explicitly Mediterranean.

How to extend

Compare this list with map-based definitions of 'Levant' (often east Mediterranean) to see if Persian Gulf and Horn of Africa features are normally included.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 9: Divergent Boundary > 9.2. The Great Rift Valley > p. 129
Strength: 4/5
โ€œโ€ข The Great Rift Valley runs north to south for around 6,400 kilometres from northern Syria to central Mozambique in East Africa.โ€ข The northernmost part of the rift forms the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon. Farther south, the valley is the home of the Jordan River which continues south through the Jordan Valley into the Dead Sea on the Israeli-Jordanian border. From the Dead Sea southward, the Rift is occupied by the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea.โ€ข The Afar Triangle of Ethiopia and Eritrea is the location of a triple junction. The Gulf of Aden is an eastward continuation of the rift, and from this point, the rift extends south-eastward as part of the midoceanic Aden Ridge.โ€ข In a southwest direction, the fault continues as the East African Rift, which split the older Ethiopian highlands into two halves.โ€
Why relevant

Explains the Great Rift Valley continuity into the Gulf of Aden and mentions the Afar Triangle (Ethiopia/Eritrea), linking the Horn of Africa and Gulf of Aden as part of East African rift geography.

How to extend

Use basic geographic knowledge (map of rift and Mediterranean locations) to judge whether the Horn of Africa/rift area overlaps with regions typically called the Levant.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 3: The Beginnings of European Settlements > The Beginnings of European Settlements > p. 47
Strength: 5/5
โ€œTNDIA'S trade relations with Europe go back to the ancient days of the Greeks. During the Middle Ages trade between Europe and India and South-East Asia was carried on along several routes. One was by sea along the Persian Gulf, and from there overland through Iraq and Turkey, and then again by sea to Venice and Genoa. A second was via the Red Sea and then overland to Alexandria in Egypt and from there by sea to Venice and Genoa. A third The old trading routes between the East and the West came under Turkish control after the Ottoman conquest of Asia Minor and the capture of Constantinople in 1453.โ€
Why relevant

Describes medieval trade routes from India through the Persian Gulf and then overland through Iraq and Turkey to Mediterranean ports (Venice/Genoa), implying a separation between Persian Gulf routes and the Mediterranean coastlands.

How to extend

A student could trace these routes on a map to infer that the term for eastern Mediterranean lands (commonly 'Levant' in other sources) would likely refer to the coastal Mediterranean zone reached after the overland leg, not the Persian Gulf/Horn endpoints.

Statement 4
Does the term "Levant" refer to the entire coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Traditionally, in geographical terms, the Eastern Mediterranean is defined by lands bordering the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and is roughly bound in the north by the Taurus Mountains and in the south by the Arabian Desert. The entire region known as the Levant includes Lebanon, Syria,"
Why this source?
  • Defines Eastern Mediterranean as lands bordering the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, distinguishing that subregion.
  • States the Levant includes specific countries (e.g., Lebanon, Syria), implying a regional subset rather than the entire Mediterranean coast.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Western Syria/Lebanon and the southern Levant form a geomorphologic unit. They share ca. a 400-mile Mediterranean coastline,"
Why this source?
  • Describes the Levant (western Syria/Lebanon and southern Levant) as a geomorphologic unit with a limited coastline.
  • Gives a specific coastline length (~400 miles), indicating the Levant's coastal extent is limited, not the whole Mediterranean coast.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"The term is also used for modern events, peoples, states or parts of states in the same region, namely Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Turkey are sometimes considered Levant countries"
Why this source?
  • Lists particular countries sometimes considered part of the Levant (Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Turkey).
  • The named countries are a specific eastern/southern subset of Mediterranean and adjacent states, not the entire Mediterranean littoral.

Themes in world history, History Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: An Empire Across Three Continents > AN EMPIRE ACROSS THREE CONTINENTS > p. 39
Strength: 5/5
โ€œIf you look at the map, you will see that the continents of Europe and Africa are separated by a sea that stretches all the way from Spain in the west to Syria in the east. This sea is called the Mediterranean, and it was the heart of Rome's empire. Rome dominated the Mediterranean and all the regions around that sea in both directions, north as well as south. To the north, the boundaries of the empire were formed by two great rivers, the Rhine and the Danube; to the south, by the huge expanse of desert called the Sahara.โ€
Why relevant

Identifies the Mediterranean Sea as stretching from Spain in the west to Syria in the east, implicitly showing the sea has distinct western and eastern ends.

How to extend

A student could combine this with the common geographic fact that 'Levant' often names the eastern Mediterranean (near Syria) to judge whether 'Levant' could mean the whole coast or only the eastern portion.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > mediterranean type of agriculture > p. 17
Strength: 4/5
โ€œTe Mediterranean agricultural typology is confned to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Asia Minor (coastal Turkey), Valley of California, Cape Province of South Africa, Central Chile, Tasmania and coastal Victoria (Australia) and southern New Zealand. Te Mediterranean region records hot summer and mild-rainy winters. Tis region is known for the cultivation of citrus fruits, fg, olive, vine, cork, cereals and fodder crops. Wheat is the important cereal crop, followed by barley, oats, oilseeds and fodder crops. Te fragmentation and small size of holdings are the main problems of the Mediterranean agriculture.โ€
Why relevant

Lists the Mediterranean agricultural typology as confined to coastal areas in Europe, Asia Minor (coastal Turkey) and North Africa, indicating the Mediterranean region comprises many distinct coastal subregions.

How to extend

One could use this pattern of named subregions (Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa) to infer that special names like 'Levant' might denote one of these subregions rather than the entire coastal zone.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 5. Mediterranean or Sclerophyllous Biome > p. 11
Strength: 4/5
โ€œTe Mediterranean Biome lies between 30o and 40o (in some areas upto 45o ) latitudes in both the hemispheres. Tis biome is found mainly around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia Minor (coastal Turkey), central California, central Chile, southern parts of South Africa, Tasmania and south-eastern and south-western coastal Australia (Fig. 3.6). Fig. 3.5 Northern Hemisphere Map of Subtropical Biomeโ€
Why relevant

Describes the Mediterranean biome as occurring 'around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia Minor', again emphasizing multiple continental and regional components rather than a single uniform area.

How to extend

A student could reason that a term like 'Levant' is plausibly a regional label (e.g., the eastern shore) within this broader, multi-part Mediterranean zone.

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Primary Activities > Mediterranean Agriculture > p. 31
Strength: 3/5
โ€œsea in Europe and in north Africa from Tunisia to Atlantic coast, southern California, central Chile, south western parts of South Africa and south and south western parts of Australia. This region is an important supplier of citrus fruits. Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality of the Mediterranean region. Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from high quality grapes in various countries of this region. The inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants. This region also produces olives and figs. The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in European and North American markets.โ€
Why relevant

Mentions Mediterranean coastal extent including Europe and north Africa from Tunisia to the Atlantic coast, illustrating that the Mediterranean coasts span diverse, named stretches.

How to extend

Using a basic map, one could compare the named stretch in the snippet with the traditional location of the Levant (eastern Mediterranean) to assess whether 'Levant' matches the entire coast or a segment.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Distribution > p. 448
Strength: 2/5
โ€œโ€ข Mediterranean climate is confined to the western portion of continents, between 30ยฐ and 45ยฐ N and S of the equator. Mediterranean climate regions include:โ€ข The Mediterranean Sea has the greatest extent of this type of winter rain climateโ€ข Central Chile the best-developed form of this climatic typeโ€ข California (around San Francisco)โ€ข The south-western tip of Africa (around Cape Town)โ€ข Southern Australia, and South-West Australia (Swanland)โ€
Why relevant

States that 'The Mediterranean Sea has the greatest extent of this type of winter rain climate', implying the Mediterranean is treated as a single sea with multiple coastal climatic regions.

How to extend

A student could infer that climatic or geographic discussions often subdivide the Mediterranean coasts (western, central, eastern), supporting the idea that 'Levant' might denote one subdivision rather than all coasts.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves 'Regional Terms' that bridge History and Modern Geopolitics. They test regions that are distinct cultural or climatic zones (like Sahel or Levant) rather than just political borders. Always map the 'Theatre of Conflict' mentioned in editorials.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Solvable via basic IR awareness (ISIL = Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) or NCERT History Class XI (Roman Empire trade routes).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: West Asian Geopolitics & Historical Regions. The news cycle regarding Syria and Iraq frequently used the term 'Levant'.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize these regional definitions: 1) **Maghreb** (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania); 2) **Sahel** (Ecoclimatic transition zone south of Sahara); 3) **Horn of Africa** (SEED: Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti); 4) **Baltic States** (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania); 5) **Balkans** (SE Europe).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Don't just read news headlines; decode the geographical terms. If a group calls itself 'State of the Levant', open an atlas and define the boundaries of that 'Levant' immediately.
Concept hooks from this question
๐Ÿ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
๐Ÿ‘‰ Eastern Mediterranean as a distinct historical-cultural zone
๐Ÿ’ก The insight

The eastern Mediterranean was a focal area for Greek cities, colonies and trade networks, forming a coherent regional sphere in antiquity.

High-yield for history and world-civilization questions: helps explain patterns of colonization, trade links between Mediterranean and inland regions, and the spread of cultural influence. Connects to topics on ancient empires, maritime trade routes and cultural diffusion; useful for source-based and comparative questions.

๐Ÿ“š Reading List :
  • Themes in world history, History Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Writing and City Life > EMPIRES > p. 30
๐Ÿ”— Anchor: "Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the eastern Mediterranean shore..."
๐Ÿ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
๐Ÿ‘‰ Mediterranean climate and coastal distribution
๐Ÿ’ก The insight

Mediterranean climate and biome occur chiefly along the coastal margins of the Mediterranean Sea and similar coasts worldwide between roughly 30ยฐโ€“45ยฐ latitudes.

Essential for geography: clarifies why certain crops, settlement patterns and economies developed along Mediterranean shores. Links physical geography (climate/biomes) to human geography (agriculture, settlement); frequently tested in climate, agriculture and regional geography questions.

๐Ÿ“š Reading List :
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: World Climate and Climate Change > Mediterranean Climate (Cs) > p. 93
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Distribution > p. 448
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 5. Mediterranean or Sclerophyllous Biome > p. 11
๐Ÿ”— Anchor: "Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the eastern Mediterranean shore..."
๐Ÿ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
๐Ÿ‘‰ Asia Minor / coastal Turkey as part of Mediterranean coastal region
๐Ÿ’ก The insight

Coastal Turkey (Asia Minor) is repeatedly treated as part of the Mediterranean coastal region in geographical and historical discussions.

Useful for connecting regional geography to historical narratives (Greek colonies, volcanic zones, trade). Helps answer questions on regional boundaries, physical features and historical interactions across Anatolia and the Mediterranean; often appears in paper II and geography sections.

๐Ÿ“š Reading List :
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 11: Volcanism > Mediterranean Volcanism > p. 156
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > mediterranean type of agriculture > p. 17
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 5. Mediterranean or Sclerophyllous Biome > p. 11
๐Ÿ”— Anchor: "Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the eastern Mediterranean shore..."
๐Ÿ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
๐Ÿ‘‰ Definition and membership of North Africa
๐Ÿ’ก The insight

North Africa is commonly treated as the group of countries from Egypt westwards through Libya, Algeria, Tunisia to Morocco.

High-yield for UPSC questions distinguishing regional groupings (Maghreb, North Africa, Sahara). Knowing which countries constitute North Africa helps answer questions on regional geography, demographics, and geopolitics, and prevents confusion with Near Eastern terms. Useful in map-based and comparative regional questions.

๐Ÿ“š Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > SoIl EroSIon. > p. 18
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 11: Contemporary Socio-Economic Issues > regional Patterns of Poverty in the World > p. 17
๐Ÿ”— Anchor: "Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the North African shores stretc..."
๐Ÿ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
๐Ÿ‘‰ Mediterranean as an eastโ€“west connector (Spain to Syria)
๐Ÿ’ก The insight

The Mediterranean Sea extends from Spain in the west to Syria in the east, creating distinct western, central and eastern Mediterranean regions.

Understanding the Mediterranean's longitudinal span helps differentiate subregions (western Mediterranean, central, eastern Mediterranean) and clarifies why terms like Levant refer to the eastern Mediterranean rather than North African shores. This is useful in history, trade-route and regional geopolitics questions.

๐Ÿ“š Reading List :
  • Themes in world history, History Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: An Empire Across Three Continents > AN EMPIRE ACROSS THREE CONTINENTS > p. 39
  • Themes in world history, History Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: An Empire Across Three Continents > Economic Expansion > p. 47
๐Ÿ”— Anchor: "Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the North African shores stretc..."
๐Ÿ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
๐Ÿ‘‰ Major historic maritime routes via Red Sea and Alexandria
๐Ÿ’ก The insight

Historic trade routes used the Red Sea to reach Alexandria and then the Mediterranean, linking North Africa with Europe and the Near East.

Important for questions on ancient and medieval trade networks, cultural exchange, and the geography of connectivity. Knowing these routes helps explain regional interactions and why coastal regional names differ (e.g., North African coasts vs eastern Mediterranean coasts).

๐Ÿ“š Reading List :
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 3: The Beginnings of European Settlements > The Beginnings of European Settlements > p. 47
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > 5. New Strands in the Fabric Islamic Traditions > p. 149
๐Ÿ”— Anchor: "Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the North African shores stretc..."
๐Ÿ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S3
๐Ÿ‘‰ Indian Ocean marginal seas and major gulfs
๐Ÿ’ก The insight

The Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Aden are named major gulfs of the Indian Ocean and define distinct maritime regions.

High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask to identify seas, gulfs and maritime regions and their geopolitical/economic importance. Mastering these helps distinguish coastal regions (e.g., Persian Gulf vs Red Sea vs Gulf of Aden) and supports answers on trade routes, energy transit and regional security.

๐Ÿ“š Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: Indiaโ€“Political Aspects > Fig. 16.11 Indian Ocean and Adjacent Countries > p. 65
๐Ÿ”— Anchor: "Does the term "Levant" refer to the region along the Persian Gulf and the Horn o..."
๐ŸŒ‘ The Hidden Trap

The 'Maghreb'. Since UPSC asked for the Levant (East/Sunrise), the logical sibling is the Maghreb (West/Sunset). Know the specific membership of the Arab Maghreb Union (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia).

โšก Elimination Cheat Code

Etymology Hack: 'Levant' comes from the French word *lever* (to rise, like the sun). The sun rises in the **East**. Therefore, the region must be the **Eastern** Mediterranean. Option A is the only one specifying 'Eastern'. Option B is the Maghreb (West), and Option C is the Gulf.

๐Ÿ”— Mains Connection

Mains IR Link: The Levant is the strategic pivot for the proposed **India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)**. Stability in the Levant (Israel/Jordan/Syria) is a prerequisite for India's connectivity to Europe, bypassing the Suez reliance.

โœ“ Thank you! We'll review this.

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS ยท 2014 ยท Q36 Relevance score: -0.51

Consider the following pairs : Region often in news Country 1. Chechnya : Russian Federation 2. Darfur : Mali 3. Swat Valley : Iraq Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

IAS ยท 2018 ยท Q90 Relevance score: -0.57

Consider the following pairs : Regions sometimes mentioned in news Country 1. Catalonia - Spain 2. Crimea - Hungary 3. Mindanao - Philippines 4. Oromia - Nigeria Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched ?

IAS ยท 2023 ยท Q93 Relevance score: -2.03

Consider the following pairs: | Regions often mentioned in news | Reason for being in news | | ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | | 1. North Kivu and Ituri | War between Armenia and Azerbaijan | | 2. Nagorno-Karabakh | Insurgency in Mozambique | | 3. Kherson and Zaporizhzhia | Dispute between Israel and Lebanon | How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?