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Consider the following pairs : Port Well known as 1. Kamarajar Port : First major port in India registered as a company 2. Mundra Port : Largest privately owned port in India 3. Visakhapatnam : Largest container port in India How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Explanation
The correct answer is option B because only two pairs are correctly matched.
**Pair 1 is CORRECT**: Kamarajar Port is the 12th major port of India and the first port in India which is a public company. The Kamarajar Port Limited is the only corporatised major port and is registered as[1] a company.
**Pair 2 is CORRECT**: Mundra is identified as a Private Major Port in India, run by Adani Ports and SEZ Limited [2](APSEZ) in Gujarat. The port covers 400 square kilometers and is India's most significant in size and maritime trade.[3] This confirms it is the largest privately owned port in India.
**Pair 3 is INCORRECT**: JNPT maintains its position as India's largest container port, processing more than 7.14 million TEUs in 2023.[4] Visakhapatnam is not the largest container port in India; JNPT (Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust) holds that distinction.
Therefore, pairs 1 and 2 are correctly matched, while pair 3 is incorrectly matched, making the answer "Only two pairs."
Sources- [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarajar_Port
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis question marks a shift from 'Location Geography' to 'Economic Geography'. It tests the administrative status (Company vs Trust) and functional ranking (Container vs Bulk) rather than just map pointing. It rewards reading the Economic Survey or Infrastructure chapters over standard physical geography textbooks.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Explicitly states Kamarajar/Ennore is the first port in India that is a public company.
- Says Kamarajar Port Limited is the only corporatised major port and is registered as a company, directly addressing the claim.
- States the port was established as Ennore Port Limited under the Companies Act and corporatised.
- Directly declares Kamarajar Port is the only major port that has been corporatised and registered as a company.
- Explicitly says Kamarajar Port is the only significant port that has been incorporated and registered as a company.
- Frames the port as the first to be run by a public company, supporting the 'first registered as a company' claim.
Lists Ennore among the 12 major seaports of India, establishing it as a major port institutionally.
A student could use this to narrow comparisons to the other named major ports and check their company-registration/corporatisation dates to see which was first.
Describes Ennore as a 'newly developed port' built to relieve Chennai, implying a later development date than older ports like Chennai.
One could compare the development/operational dates of Ennore with older ports to judge whether Ennore could plausibly have been first to register as a company.
Gives Ennore's location and role as a natural harbour developed to ease pressure on Chennai, reinforcing that Ennore is a later addition to India's port system.
Use this to identify Ennore as a relatively newer major port and then check incorporation/registration dates against other major ports.
Notes Ministry of Shipping PPP guidelines (1996) to invite private players and develop terminals in major ports, indicating a policy context for private/ corporatised arrangements.
A student could investigate whether Kamarajar/Ennore's company registration happened under/after this 1996 PPP push or earlier, and compare with other ports' corporatisation timing.
States the list/count of major ports (initially 13, later 12) and names high-capacity ports like JNPT, giving targets for comparison.
Use the list of major ports (including JNPT and others) to check which of these were registered as companies and their registration dates to decide whether Ennore was the first.
- Identifies Mundra as the private major port run by a private company (Adani Ports & SEZ).
- Establishes Mundra's status as a private port, which is necessary to assess whether it is the largest privately owned port.
- Provides scale metrics for Mundra (TEUs and cargo tonnage) and states it is the second largest port in India, implying it is larger than other privately operated ports.
- Describes Mundra as "India's most significant in size and maritime trade," supporting the claim of being the largest among private ports.
States that Jawaharlal Nehru Port is India's largest container port, giving a clear benchmark for 'largest container port' in India.
A student could compare Mundra's container throughput (TEUs) or cargo capacity to JNPT's to judge if Mundra is larger in container terms.
Lists ports with highest cargo capacities (Paradip, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Kandla/Deendayal, JNPT), identifying key large public/major ports to compare against.
Use these named major ports' reported cargo volumes to see whether any privately owned port (e.g., Mundra) exceeds them.
Explains that the government invited private players to build and operate terminals in major ports (PPP), indicating that large private participation may be at terminal level rather than whole-port ownership.
Distinguish between privately owned independent ports and private terminals within major (public) ports when assessing whether Mundra is the 'largest privately owned port.'
Notes the Major Port Authorities Act and that boards can sign PPP agreements and concessionaires can operate terminals, reinforcing that major ports remain public entities while private firms may manage terminals.
Investigate whether Mundra is a privately owned port authority or a privately operated terminal; then compare total port throughput/capacity accordingly.
Gives the classification: 13 major (central) ports vs ~200 non-major ports (state-managed), suggesting different governance categories relevant to ownership claims.
Determine whether Mundra is classified as a major or non-major port and use that to narrow whether 'privately owned' is plausible and what peers to compare it with.
- Explicitly states which port is the largest container port in India.
- Provides recent TEU volume (7.14 million TEUs in 2023) to substantiate JNPT's top position.
- Clearly labels Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) as the largest container port in India.
- Gives a proportional claim (over 55% of total) supporting JNPT's status.
- Independent source (The Hindu) identifies Jawaharlal Nehru Port as the largest container port in India.
- Supports the implication that Visakhapatnam is not the largest container port.
This snippet explicitly identifies Jawaharlal Nehru Port as 'India's largest container port', giving a named competitor for the title.
A student could check container-specific throughput (TEUs) for JNPT versus Visakhapatnam to test the claim.
Gives a concrete scale: 'India's largest container port handled roughly 2.67 million TEUs in 2005–06', providing a numeric benchmark for 'largest'.
Compare current or historical TEU figures for Visakhapatnam and other ports against this benchmark to judge which is largest.
States Visakhapatnam 'ranked first in India for the last six years in respect of cargo traffic', indicating high overall cargo volume but not explicitly container throughput.
Differentiate 'cargo traffic' (all cargo types) from 'container traffic' and look up Visakhapatnam's container TEU share to see if it matches the 'largest container port' claim.
Lists ports with 'highest cargo capacities' including both Visakhapatnam and JNPT, implying both are major players but not resolving which is largest in containers specifically.
Use this to narrow the comparison set (JNPT vs Visakhapatnam) and then obtain container-specific capacity or throughput data to decide.
Provides an international scale reference (largest container port Singapore at 23.19 million TEUs) useful for contextualizing Indian port TEU numbers.
Place Indian ports' TEU figures alongside global figures to assess whether an Indian port's TEU would plausibly make it 'largest' nationally.
- [THE VERDICT]: Doable Trap. Statement 3 is the classic 'Fact Swap' (JNPT is the largest container port, not Vizag). Source: Standard GK/Economic Survey Infrastructure chapter.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Infrastructure > Ports & Shipping > Institutional Framework (Major Port Trusts vs. Companies) and Capacity Rankings.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Superlatives': 1. Oldest Major Port: Kolkata (Riverine). 2. Largest Container Port: JNPT (Nhava Sheva). 3. Deepest Landlocked Port: Visakhapatnam. 4. First Corporatized Major Port: Kamarajar (Ennore). 5. Largest Private Port: Mundra (Adani). 6. Tidal Port: Kandla (Deendayal).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When studying infrastructure, create a 'Profile Card' for each asset. Don't just ask 'Where is it?'; ask 'What makes it unique administratively?' (e.g., Trust vs. Company) and 'What does it handle?' (e.g., Iron Ore vs. Containers).
Ennore (Kamarajar) is identified as a major seaport and described as a developed/newly developed port north of Chennai.
High-yield: knowledge of which ports are classified as major and the inclusion of Ennore helps answer factual geography and infrastructure questions. It connects to coastal geography, trade networks, and port ranking questions; useful for MCQs and mains answers that ask for port lists or regional infrastructure examples.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Ports > p. 18
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Ports > p. 19
- INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: International Trade > Can you find out the reasons for the variations in the location of ports along the two coasts? > p. 92
Ennore was developed specifically to relieve pressure on Chennai Port and handles distinct cargo types tied to its hinterland.
Important for explaining why new ports are developed, linking physical geography to economic function. This aids answers on port siting, hinterland-service relationships, and regional development policy questions.
- INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: International Trade > Can you find out the reasons for the variations in the location of ports along the two coasts? > p. 92
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Ports > p. 19
The Ministry of Shipping issued PPP guidelines in 1996 to attract private investment and private operators into major ports.
High-yield for governance and infrastructure policy: understanding PPP frameworks explains modernisation, corporatization, and private operation of port terminals. Useful in questions on infrastructure financing, public sector reforms, and port management models.
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > PPP in Ports > p. 421
Ownership and administrative control determine whether a port is centrally managed or under state/private arrangements.
High-yield for UPSC because questions probe institutional control and responsibilities of ports; links to centre–state relations, administrative law and infrastructure policy. Mastering this helps answer questions about who can grant private concessions and how port classification affects regulation.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Ports > p. 18
Private players are brought in via PPP models to build and operate terminals within major ports rather than replace port ownership outright.
Important for questions on infrastructure delivery and public‑private models; connects to fiscal policy, concession agreements and reforms like the Major Port Authorities Act. Knowing PPP mechanics enables evaluation of claims about 'privately owned' vs 'privately operated' assets.
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > PPP in Ports > p. 421
- Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > PPP in Ports > p. 422
Largest‑port claims hinge on container throughput and cargo capacity rankings rather than name or location alone.
Useful for geography and economy questions that ask for comparative port importance; connects to trade logistics, hinterland connectivity and transport geography. Practically enables elimination of wrong options by comparing throughput metrics.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Ports > p. 19
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Ports > p. 23
India's port system is divided into a small set of centrally administered major ports and a larger number of state-managed minor ports, which affects capacity and administration.
High-yield for UPSC because questions often ask about maritime governance, infrastructure planning, and trade logistics; links to central-state roles, port modernisation and transport policy. Mastering this helps answer questions on port management, policy reforms, and regional trade development.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Ports > p. 18
Vadhavan Port (Maharashtra): Recently approved as a new Major Port. It will be an 'All-Weather Deep Draft Port' developed on the 'Landlord Model'. Also, Galathea Bay (Great Nicobar) is being developed as a major International Container Transshipment Terminal.
Functional Logic: Visakhapatnam is historically famous for Iron Ore export to Japan (Bulk Cargo) and being a naval base. Container traffic (finished goods) is highest near industrial manufacturing hubs like Mumbai/Pune. Therefore, JNPT (near Mumbai) is the logical 'Largest Container Port', not Vizag.
Mains GS-3 (Infrastructure) & GS-2 (Governance): The shift of Kamarajar Port to a company foreshadowed the 'Major Port Authorities Act, 2021', which replaced the 1963 Trust Act to modernize governance and compete with private ports like Mundra.