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Q46 (IAS/2023) History & Culture β€Ί Culture, Literature, Religion & Philosophy β€Ί Ancient and classical literature Official Key

With reference to ancient Indian History, consider the following pairs : Literary work Author 1. Β· Devichandragupta : Bilhana 2. Hammira-Mahakavya : Nayachandra Suri 3. Milinda-panha : Nagarjuna 4. Nitivakyamrita : Somadeva Suri How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Result
Your answer: β€”  Β·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 2 (Only two) because only pairs 2 and 4 are accurately matched.

  • Pair 1 is incorrect: Devichandragupta is a celebrated Sanskrit play authored by Vishakhadatta, not Bilhana. Bilhana is known for writing the Vikramankadevacharita.
  • Pair 2 is correct: The Hammira-Mahakavya, an important Jaina epic describing the life of the Chauhan king Hammira, was indeed composed by Nayachandra Suri.
  • Pair 3 is incorrect: The Milinda-panha (Questions of Milinda) records the dialogue between King Menander and the Buddhist sage Nagasena. While Nagarjuna was a famous philosopher, he is not the author of this specific text.
  • Pair 4 is correct: Nitivakyamrita, a significant treatise on statecraft and ethics, was authored by the 10th-century Jain scholar Somadeva Suri.

Since only two pairs (2 and 4) are correct, Option 2 is the right choice.

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Community Performance
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Q. With reference to ancient Indian History, consider the following pairs : Literary work Author 1. Β· Devichandragupta : Bilhana 2. Hammira-…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 Β· 0/10

This question is a classic '2+2' mix: two standard NCERT facts (Devichandragupta, Milinda-panha) combined with two niche reference-book facts (Hammira-Mahakavya, Nitivakyamrita). The strategy is not to know everything, but to have absolute clarity on the 'Standard' options to force the probability in your favor. If you can't distinguish Nagarjuna from Nagasena, you are failing the basics, not the advanced material.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Devichandragupta" authored by Bilhana?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > I. Literary sources > p. 89
Strength: 5/5
β€œβ€’ Narada, Vishnu, Brihaspati and Katyayana smritis. β€’ Kamandaka's Nitisara, a work on polity addressed to the king (400 CE) β€’ El Devichandraguptam and Mudrarakshasa by Vishakadutta provide details about the rise of the Guptas. β€’ Buddhist and Jaina texts β€’ Works of Kalidasa β€’ Accounts of the Chinese traveller Fahien”
Why relevant

Explicitly lists 'El Devichandraguptam and Mudrarakshasa by Vishakadutta' as works that provide details about the Guptas, giving an attribution of Devichandraguptam to Vishakhadatta.

How to extend

A student could treat this as a primary textbook attribution and compare with other standard lists of Sanskrit dramatists to see if Bilhana is ever named for this play.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
Strength: 5/5
β€œSamudragupta himself had established his fame as Kaviraja. It is widely believed that his court was adorned by the celebrated navaratnas like Kalidasa, Amarasimha, Visakadatta and Dhanvantri. Kalidasa's famous dramas are Sakunthalam, Malavikagnimitram and Vikramaurvashiyam. The works of Sudraka (Mrichchhakatika), Visakhadatta (Mudraraksasa and Devichandraguptam) and the lesser known dramatists and writers also contributed to the literary and social values in the classical age.”
Why relevant

States that Visakhadatta's works include 'Mudraraksasa and Devichandraguptam', reinforcing the pattern that scholarship/teaching attributes the play to Visakhadatta.

How to extend

Use this repeated attribution as a basis to check chronological plausibility (e.g., Visakhadatta's era vs Bilhana's) using standard historical timelines.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
Strength: 4/5
β€œMost of the literature and art of the period have not survived. Sanskrit language and literature. Emergence of State and Empire were enriched by the work of the grammarian Panini (c. 500 BCE), and Katyayana, who was a contemporary of the Nandas and had written a commentary on Panini's work. Buddhist and Jain texts were primarily written in Pali. Evidently many literary works in Sanskrit were produced during this period and find mention in later works, but they are not available to us. The Arthasastra notes the performing arts of the period, including music, instrumental music, bards, dance and theatre.”
Why relevant

Notes that many Sanskrit literary works from early periods have not survived and are known only through later mentions, indicating that attributions can be uncertain or preserved differently in later sources.

How to extend

A student could use this rule to be cautious: seek multiple independent attributions (epigraphy, other authors, catalogues) before accepting Bilhana as author.

Statement 2
In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Hammira-Mahakavya" authored by Nayachandra Suri?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
Strength: 5/5
β€œThe Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of learning. Kannada and Sanskrit literature made great progress during their reign. Amoghavasa was the author of Prasnottaramalika, a Sanskrit work, and Kavirajamarga, a Kannada work. Jinasena wrote the Adipurana of the Jains. Krishna II's spiritual guide, Gunabhadra, wrote the Mahapurana of the Jains. The three gems of ancient Kannada literature - Kavichakravarthi Ponna, Adikavi Pampa and Kavichakravarti Ranna - were patronised by Rashtrkuta king Krishna III, as well as by Tailapa and Satyashraya of Western Chalukyas.”
Why relevant

Shows that Jain authors (e.g., Jinasena, Gunabhadra) composed major Sanskrit/Jain works and were named as authors.

How to extend

A student could use this pattern (Jain monks as named authors) and check whether Nayachandra Suri is a Jain author and whether Hammira-Mahakavya fits the genre/communities that produced such works.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Harsha as a Patron of Art and literature > p. 110
Strength: 4/5
β€œHarsha patronised literary and cultural activities. It is said the state spent a quarter of its revenue for such activities. Bana, the author of Harshacharita and Kadambari, was a court poet of Harsha. The emperor himself was a renowned litterateur, which is evident from the plays he wrote such as Priyadarsika, Rathnavali and Nagananda. Harsha gifted liberally for the promotion of education. Temples and monasteries functioned as centres of learning.”
Why relevant

Gives an example of works with clear author attribution (Bana and his Harshacharita), indicating texts from court or religious milieus often have known authors.

How to extend

Apply the same expectation of author attribution to Hammira-Mahakavya β€” look for historical records or colophons naming Nayachandra Suri or another author.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
Strength: 4/5
β€œThis is of importance for two reasons: (i) it indicates the extent of the Mauryan Empire, which had expanded as far west as Gujarat and (ii) it shows that more than four centuries after his death, the name of Chandragupta was still well known and remembered in many parts of the country. A second source is a literary work. The play Mudrarakshasa by Visakhadatta was written during the Gupta period, sometime after the 4th century CE”
Why relevant

Illustrates that later literary works (Mudrarakshasa) are dated/attributed in historical sources, suggesting chronology and attribution are used to assign authorship.

How to extend

A student could compare the accepted date/period of Hammira-Mahakavya with the life-date of Nayachandra Suri to test plausibility of his authorship.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 5: Evolution of Society in South India > Literary > p. 64
Strength: 3/5
β€œβ€’ Tamil texts including the Sangam and post-Sangam literature. β€’ The Arthasastra, the treatise on economy and statecraft authored by Kautilya. β€’ The Puranas which mention the genealogy of the Andhras/Satavahanas. β€’ Buddhist Chronicles such as Mahavamsa. β€’ Gatha Saptasati, a Prakrit text composed by the Satavahana king Hala.”
Why relevant

Lists major religious and regional literary traditions (Puranas, Buddhist, Jaina texts), implying that specific genres/communities produced specific works.

How to extend

Determine which literary tradition Hammira-Mahakavya belongs to (e.g., court epic, regional prashasti, or Jain narrative) and see if Nayachandra Suri is associated with that tradition.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Sources > p. 33
Strength: 2/5
β€œThe epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, the dharmasastras, Buddhist texts such as the Tripitakas and Jatakas, Jaina texts and Greek accounts such as that of Arrian constitute literary sources for the period. Archaeological excavations have corroborated the literary evidences.”
Why relevant

Notes that epics, dharmashastras and religious texts are key literary sources, implying that major works are usually catalogued and attributed in literary histories.

How to extend

Use bibliographic or literary-historical lists (or colophons) to search for Hammira-Mahakavya and any authorial attribution to Nayachandra Suri.

Statement 3
In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Milinda-panha" authored by Nagarjuna?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
Strength: 4/5
β€œMost of the literature and art of the period have not survived. Sanskrit language and literature. Emergence of State and Empire were enriched by the work of the grammarian Panini (c. 500 BCE), and Katyayana, who was a contemporary of the Nandas and had written a commentary on Panini's work. Buddhist and Jain texts were primarily written in Pali. Evidently many literary works in Sanskrit were produced during this period and find mention in later works, but they are not available to us. The Arthasastra notes the performing arts of the period, including music, instrumental music, bards, dance and theatre.”
Why relevant

States that Buddhist and Jain texts were primarily written in Pali and many literary works have not survived, implying transmission and language issues affect authorship attribution.

How to extend

A student could check the language and manuscript tradition of Milinda-panha and compare with known works of Nagarjuna to see if linguistic/timeframes match.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Sources > p. 33
Strength: 3/5
β€œThe epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, the dharmasastras, Buddhist texts such as the Tripitakas and Jatakas, Jaina texts and Greek accounts such as that of Arrian constitute literary sources for the period. Archaeological excavations have corroborated the literary evidences.”
Why relevant

Lists Buddhist texts (Tripitakas, Jatakas) as distinct literary categories used by historians, indicating there are recognized genres/sources within Buddhist literature.

How to extend

A student could place Milinda-panha within these Buddhist literary categories and assess whether its genre and historical context align with Nagarjuna's known corpus.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 46
Strength: 4/5
β€œThe names of Chandragupta and his two successors in the Mauryan period are well known now. But reconstructing their lives and careers was a laborious and difficult process for the earlier historians. There are hardly any comprehensive contemporary accounts or literary works which refer to the Mauryan emperors though they are mentioned in various Buddhist and Jain texts as well as in some Hindu works like the brahmanas.”
Why relevant

Notes that reconstructing lives of historical figures often relies on Buddhist and Jain texts and later works, signalling that attributions may come from later tradition rather than contemporary evidence.

How to extend

A student could look for contemporary (or near-contemporary) evidence for Nagarjuna's authorship of Milinda-panha versus later attributions mentioned in Buddhist traditions.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
Strength: 4/5
β€œThis is of importance for two reasons: (i) it indicates the extent of the Mauryan Empire, which had expanded as far west as Gujarat and (ii) it shows that more than four centuries after his death, the name of Chandragupta was still well known and remembered in many parts of the country. A second source is a literary work. The play Mudrarakshasa by Visakhadatta was written during the Gupta period, sometime after the 4th century CE”
Why relevant

Gives an example where a literary work (Mudrarakshasa) was written much later than the events it describes, showing that date of composition can differ from subject-matter and complicate author identification.

How to extend

A student might compare the composition date and internal references of Milinda-panha with the traditionally ascribed lifetime of Nagarjuna to test plausibility.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > 3.1 Finding out about the Mauryas > p. 32
Strength: 3/5
β€œHistorians have used a variety of sources to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire. These include archaeological finds, especially sculpture. Also valuable are contemporary works, such as the account of Megasthenes (a Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya), which survives in fragments. Another source that is often used is the Arthashastra, parts of which were probably composed by Kautilya or Chanakya, traditionally believed to be the minister of Chandragupta. Besides, the Mauryas are mentioned in later Buddhist, Jaina and Puranic literature, as well as in Sanskrit literary works. While these are useful, the inscriptions of Asoka (c.”
Why relevant

Explains historians use a mix of archaeological finds and contemporary works, while later Buddhist/Jaina literature is also used β€” implying stronger weight is given to contemporary evidence when attributing works.

How to extend

A student could search for contemporary corroborating evidence (archaeological, inscriptions, foreign accounts) linking Nagarjuna to Milinda-panha to evaluate the claim's credibility.

Statement 4
In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Nitivakyamrita" authored by Somadeva Suri?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > I. Literary sources > p. 89
Strength: 5/5
β€œβ€’ Narada, Vishnu, Brihaspati and Katyayana smritis. β€’ Kamandaka's Nitisara, a work on polity addressed to the king (400 CE) β€’ El Devichandraguptam and Mudrarakshasa by Vishakadutta provide details about the rise of the Guptas. β€’ Buddhist and Jaina texts β€’ Works of Kalidasa β€’ Accounts of the Chinese traveller Fahien”
Why relevant

Gives the pattern that works with 'Niti' in the title (e.g., Kamandaka's Nitisara) are recognized literary/political treatises with named authors.

How to extend

A student could use this pattern to check whether 'Nitivakyamrita' fits the 'Niti' genre and therefore is plausibly attributed to a known author like Somadeva Suri in other lists or catalogues.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
Strength: 4/5
β€œThe Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of learning. Kannada and Sanskrit literature made great progress during their reign. Amoghavasa was the author of Prasnottaramalika, a Sanskrit work, and Kavirajamarga, a Kannada work. Jinasena wrote the Adipurana of the Jains. Krishna II's spiritual guide, Gunabhadra, wrote the Mahapurana of the Jains. The three gems of ancient Kannada literature - Kavichakravarthi Ponna, Adikavi Pampa and Kavichakravarti Ranna - were patronised by Rashtrkuta king Krishna III, as well as by Tailapa and Satyashraya of Western Chalukyas.”
Why relevant

Shows that Jain authors (e.g., Jinasena, Gunabhadra) produced notable Sanskrit works under royal patronage.

How to extend

One could infer that a Jain scholar named Somadeva Suri might plausibly have authored a Sanskrit ethical/political work and should be checked in Jain literary histories.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Sources > p. 33
Strength: 3/5
β€œThe epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, the dharmasastras, Buddhist texts such as the Tripitakas and Jatakas, Jaina texts and Greek accounts such as that of Arrian constitute literary sources for the period. Archaeological excavations have corroborated the literary evidences.”
Why relevant

Lists Jaina texts among key literary sources for periods of Indian history, indicating Jaina authorship is a common source of preserved works.

How to extend

Use this to justify checking catalogs of Jaina literature or compendia of literary sources for an attribution of 'Nitivakyamrita' to a Jain author.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
Strength: 3/5
β€œMost of the literature and art of the period have not survived. Sanskrit language and literature. Emergence of State and Empire were enriched by the work of the grammarian Panini (c. 500 BCE), and Katyayana, who was a contemporary of the Nandas and had written a commentary on Panini's work. Buddhist and Jain texts were primarily written in Pali. Evidently many literary works in Sanskrit were produced during this period and find mention in later works, but they are not available to us. The Arthasastra notes the performing arts of the period, including music, instrumental music, bards, dance and theatre.”
Why relevant

States that many Sanskrit works are mentioned in later works but are not available, pointing to a common situation of lost or only-referenced texts.

How to extend

A student could treat the absence of a surviving text as a reason to search later commentaries or bibliographies that might attribute 'Nitivakyamrita' to Somadeva Suri.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC is aggressively testing 'Jain Literature' and 'Early Medieval Biographies' recently. The era of just memorizing Kalidasa is over. Create a specific table for Jain Scholars (Hemachandra, Somadeva Suri, Nayachandra Suri) and their contributions to secular subjects like Polity (Niti) and History.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Trap Question. Pairs 1 and 3 are standard NCERT/TN Board level (easy elimination). Pairs 2 and 4 are 'Reference Book' level (Upinder Singh/RS Sharma).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Evolution of Sanskrit and Prakrit Literature (Gupta to Early Medieval). specifically the genre of 'Historical Biographies' (Charitas) and 'Political Ethics' (Niti).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize these specific 'Confusing Sibling' authors: 1. Bilhana (11th C, Kashmir/Chalukya) wrote *Vikramankadevacharita* (NOT Devichandragupta). 2. Visakhadatta (Gupta Era) wrote *Devichandragupta* and *Mudrarakshasa*. 3. Somadeva (Kashmir) wrote *Kathasaritsagara* vs. Somadeva Suri (Jain) wrote *Nitivakyamrita*. 4. Nagarjuna (Madhyamika Philosophy) wrote *Mulamadhyamakakarika* vs. Nagasena (Monk) in *Milinda-panha*.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not memorize authors in isolation. Tag them with (Time Period + Patron + Religion). If you tagged Bilhana as '11th Century Chalukya Court', you would instantly know he couldn't have written a play about the 4th Century Gupta succession (*Devichandragupta*).
Concept hooks from this question
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Authorship of Devichandraguptam
πŸ’‘ The insight

Devichandraguptam is attributed to Visakhadatta rather than Bilhana.

Knowing correct author attributions for major Sanskrit plays is high-yield for questions on classical literature and helps correctly link texts to historical contexts and patrons.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > I. Literary sources > p. 89
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
πŸ”— Anchor: "In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Devichandragupta" authored by ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Plays as material for reconstructing Gupta history
πŸ’‘ The insight

Plays such as Devichandraguptam and Mudrarakshasa provide details about the rise of the Guptas.

Mastering how literary works inform political history enables candidates to evaluate literary traditions alongside inscriptions and numismatics when answering questions on the Gupta period.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > I. Literary sources > p. 89
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
πŸ”— Anchor: "In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Devichandragupta" authored by ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S1
πŸ‘‰ Classical Sanskrit dramatists and royal courts
πŸ’‘ The insight

Samudragupta's court is associated with poets and dramatists like Visakhadatta and Kalidasa whose works define the classical age.

Understanding the link between royal patronage and literary production helps answer cultural-history questions, connect literature to political authority, and distinguish authorship and chronology of major works.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
πŸ”— Anchor: "In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Devichandragupta" authored by ..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Literary sources as historical evidence
πŸ’‘ The insight

Authorship and content of medieval literary works determine their usefulness and reliability for reconstructing historical events.

UPSC frequently tests the types and reliability of historical sources; mastering how literary works function as sources helps in assessing chronology, corroborating inscriptions and archaeology, and answering source-based questions. This concept links cultural history to methodology and is high-yield for questions on historiography and source evaluation.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Sources > p. 33
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > 3.1 Finding out about the Mauryas > p. 32
πŸ”— Anchor: "In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Hammira-Mahakavya" authored by..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Royal patronage and court poets
πŸ’‘ The insight

Many major medieval works were produced under royal patronage, so knowing patronage patterns helps attribute and date literary compositions.

Understanding patronage aids in dating texts, attributing authorship, and connecting political history with literary production; useful for questions on cultural policy, court culture, and regional literary histories. This enables candidates to infer provenance and motive behind texts in source-based questions.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Harsha as a Patron of Art and literature > p. 110
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
πŸ”— Anchor: "In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Hammira-Mahakavya" authored by..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S2
πŸ‘‰ Religious authorship in medieval literature
πŸ’‘ The insight

Jain and Buddhist monks and scholars authored important works, so author identity often corresponds to sectarian traditions and genres.

Mastering patterns of religious authorship is important for interpreting bias, genre, and intent of texts; it connects literary history with religious and social history and helps answer questions on sectarian contributions to regional and Sanskrit literatures.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 5: Evolution of Society in South India > Literary > p. 64
πŸ”— Anchor: "In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Hammira-Mahakavya" authored by..."
πŸ“Œ Adjacent topic to master
S3
πŸ‘‰ Buddhist and Jain texts as historical sources
πŸ’‘ The insight

Knowledge of authorship questions about Buddhist works depends on understanding that Buddhist and Jain literature are primary source categories for ancient history.

High-yield for UPSC because many questions ask about the nature and reliability of historical sources; mastering this helps evaluate claims about authorship, dating, and reconstruction of events. It connects to historiography, textual criticism, and comparative use of religious texts in reconstructing political history.

πŸ“š Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > 3.1 Finding out about the Mauryas > p. 32
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Sources > p. 33
πŸ”— Anchor: "In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Milinda-panha" authored by Nag..."
πŸŒ‘ The Hidden Trap

Since Bilhana was the distractor here, the next logical question is on his actual work: *Vikramankadevacharita* (biography of Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI). Also, watch out for *Prithviraj Vijaya* by Jayanaka, often confused with *Prithviraj Raso* by Chand Bardai.

⚑ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Chronological Impossibility' Hack: Devichandragupta is a play about Chandragupta II (Gupta Era, ~4th-5th Century). Bilhana is a famous medieval poet (11th Century). A poet cannot write a contemporary eyewitness account (which the play claims to be based on) for an event 700 years prior. Mismatch detected -> Pair 1 Incorrect.

πŸ”— Mains Connection

Mains GS1 (Art & Culture): Use texts like *Hammira-Mahakavya* and *Nitivakyamrita* as evidence for 'The tradition of resistance and political theory in Medieval India.' They show that Indian political thought (Niti) continued to evolve post-Gupta and wasn't stagnant.

βœ“ Thank you! We'll review this.

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS Β· 2022 Β· Q46 Relevance score: 3.59

With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs: 1. Aryadeva - Jaina scholar 2. Dignaga - Buddhist scholar 3. Nathamuni - Vaishnava scholar How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

CAPF Β· 2025 Β· Q49 Relevance score: 3.46

Consider the following pairs : Literary Work Author 1. Rigarthadipika : Madhava Yogi 2. Kataka : Venkata Madhava 3. Damayanti-Katha : Trivikrama Bhatta 4. Yashastilaka Champu : Somadeva How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

IAS Β· 2025 Β· Q17 Relevance score: 2.55

With reference to ancient India (600-322 BC), consider the following pairs : I. Asmaka : Godavari II. Kamboja : Vipas III. Avanti : Mahanadi IV. Kosala : Sarayu How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

IAS Β· 2020 Β· Q7 Relevance score: 1.50

With reference to the history of India, consider the following pairs : Famous Place Present State 1. Bhilsa - Madhya Pradesh 2. Dwarasamudra - Maharashtra 3. Girinagar - Gujarat 4. Sthanesvara - Uttar Pradesh Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched ?

CAPF Β· 2021 Β· Q42 Relevance score: 1.34

Which one of the following pairs of authors and Sanskrit literary works is not correctly matched?