Question map
With reference to ancient Indian History, consider the following pairs : Literary work Author 1. Β· Devichandragupta : Bilhana 2. Hammira-Mahakavya : Nayachandra Suri 3. Milinda-panha : Nagarjuna 4. Nitivakyamrita : Somadeva Suri How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 2 (Only two) because only pairs 2 and 4 are accurately matched.
- Pair 1 is incorrect: Devichandragupta is a celebrated Sanskrit play authored by Vishakhadatta, not Bilhana. Bilhana is known for writing the Vikramankadevacharita.
- Pair 2 is correct: The Hammira-Mahakavya, an important Jaina epic describing the life of the Chauhan king Hammira, was indeed composed by Nayachandra Suri.
- Pair 3 is incorrect: The Milinda-panha (Questions of Milinda) records the dialogue between King Menander and the Buddhist sage Nagasena. While Nagarjuna was a famous philosopher, he is not the author of this specific text.
- Pair 4 is correct: Nitivakyamrita, a significant treatise on statecraft and ethics, was authored by the 10th-century Jain scholar Somadeva Suri.
Since only two pairs (2 and 4) are correct, Option 2 is the right choice.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis question is a classic '2+2' mix: two standard NCERT facts (Devichandragupta, Milinda-panha) combined with two niche reference-book facts (Hammira-Mahakavya, Nitivakyamrita). The strategy is not to know everything, but to have absolute clarity on the 'Standard' options to force the probability in your favor. If you can't distinguish Nagarjuna from Nagasena, you are failing the basics, not the advanced material.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Devichandragupta" authored by Bilhana?
- Statement 2: In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Hammira-Mahakavya" authored by Nayachandra Suri?
- Statement 3: In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Milinda-panha" authored by Nagarjuna?
- Statement 4: In ancient Indian history, was the literary work "Nitivakyamrita" authored by Somadeva Suri?
Explicitly lists 'El Devichandraguptam and Mudrarakshasa by Vishakadutta' as works that provide details about the Guptas, giving an attribution of Devichandraguptam to Vishakhadatta.
A student could treat this as a primary textbook attribution and compare with other standard lists of Sanskrit dramatists to see if Bilhana is ever named for this play.
States that Visakhadatta's works include 'Mudraraksasa and Devichandraguptam', reinforcing the pattern that scholarship/teaching attributes the play to Visakhadatta.
Use this repeated attribution as a basis to check chronological plausibility (e.g., Visakhadatta's era vs Bilhana's) using standard historical timelines.
Notes that many Sanskrit literary works from early periods have not survived and are known only through later mentions, indicating that attributions can be uncertain or preserved differently in later sources.
A student could use this rule to be cautious: seek multiple independent attributions (epigraphy, other authors, catalogues) before accepting Bilhana as author.
Shows that Jain authors (e.g., Jinasena, Gunabhadra) composed major Sanskrit/Jain works and were named as authors.
A student could use this pattern (Jain monks as named authors) and check whether Nayachandra Suri is a Jain author and whether Hammira-Mahakavya fits the genre/communities that produced such works.
Gives an example of works with clear author attribution (Bana and his Harshacharita), indicating texts from court or religious milieus often have known authors.
Apply the same expectation of author attribution to Hammira-Mahakavya β look for historical records or colophons naming Nayachandra Suri or another author.
Illustrates that later literary works (Mudrarakshasa) are dated/attributed in historical sources, suggesting chronology and attribution are used to assign authorship.
A student could compare the accepted date/period of Hammira-Mahakavya with the life-date of Nayachandra Suri to test plausibility of his authorship.
Lists major religious and regional literary traditions (Puranas, Buddhist, Jaina texts), implying that specific genres/communities produced specific works.
Determine which literary tradition Hammira-Mahakavya belongs to (e.g., court epic, regional prashasti, or Jain narrative) and see if Nayachandra Suri is associated with that tradition.
Notes that epics, dharmashastras and religious texts are key literary sources, implying that major works are usually catalogued and attributed in literary histories.
Use bibliographic or literary-historical lists (or colophons) to search for Hammira-Mahakavya and any authorial attribution to Nayachandra Suri.
States that Buddhist and Jain texts were primarily written in Pali and many literary works have not survived, implying transmission and language issues affect authorship attribution.
A student could check the language and manuscript tradition of Milinda-panha and compare with known works of Nagarjuna to see if linguistic/timeframes match.
Lists Buddhist texts (Tripitakas, Jatakas) as distinct literary categories used by historians, indicating there are recognized genres/sources within Buddhist literature.
A student could place Milinda-panha within these Buddhist literary categories and assess whether its genre and historical context align with Nagarjuna's known corpus.
Notes that reconstructing lives of historical figures often relies on Buddhist and Jain texts and later works, signalling that attributions may come from later tradition rather than contemporary evidence.
A student could look for contemporary (or near-contemporary) evidence for Nagarjuna's authorship of Milinda-panha versus later attributions mentioned in Buddhist traditions.
Gives an example where a literary work (Mudrarakshasa) was written much later than the events it describes, showing that date of composition can differ from subject-matter and complicate author identification.
A student might compare the composition date and internal references of Milinda-panha with the traditionally ascribed lifetime of Nagarjuna to test plausibility.
Explains historians use a mix of archaeological finds and contemporary works, while later Buddhist/Jaina literature is also used β implying stronger weight is given to contemporary evidence when attributing works.
A student could search for contemporary corroborating evidence (archaeological, inscriptions, foreign accounts) linking Nagarjuna to Milinda-panha to evaluate the claim's credibility.
Gives the pattern that works with 'Niti' in the title (e.g., Kamandaka's Nitisara) are recognized literary/political treatises with named authors.
A student could use this pattern to check whether 'Nitivakyamrita' fits the 'Niti' genre and therefore is plausibly attributed to a known author like Somadeva Suri in other lists or catalogues.
Shows that Jain authors (e.g., Jinasena, Gunabhadra) produced notable Sanskrit works under royal patronage.
One could infer that a Jain scholar named Somadeva Suri might plausibly have authored a Sanskrit ethical/political work and should be checked in Jain literary histories.
Lists Jaina texts among key literary sources for periods of Indian history, indicating Jaina authorship is a common source of preserved works.
Use this to justify checking catalogs of Jaina literature or compendia of literary sources for an attribution of 'Nitivakyamrita' to a Jain author.
States that many Sanskrit works are mentioned in later works but are not available, pointing to a common situation of lost or only-referenced texts.
A student could treat the absence of a surviving text as a reason to search later commentaries or bibliographies that might attribute 'Nitivakyamrita' to Somadeva Suri.
- [THE VERDICT]: Trap Question. Pairs 1 and 3 are standard NCERT/TN Board level (easy elimination). Pairs 2 and 4 are 'Reference Book' level (Upinder Singh/RS Sharma).
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Evolution of Sanskrit and Prakrit Literature (Gupta to Early Medieval). specifically the genre of 'Historical Biographies' (Charitas) and 'Political Ethics' (Niti).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize these specific 'Confusing Sibling' authors: 1. Bilhana (11th C, Kashmir/Chalukya) wrote *Vikramankadevacharita* (NOT Devichandragupta). 2. Visakhadatta (Gupta Era) wrote *Devichandragupta* and *Mudrarakshasa*. 3. Somadeva (Kashmir) wrote *Kathasaritsagara* vs. Somadeva Suri (Jain) wrote *Nitivakyamrita*. 4. Nagarjuna (Madhyamika Philosophy) wrote *Mulamadhyamakakarika* vs. Nagasena (Monk) in *Milinda-panha*.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not memorize authors in isolation. Tag them with (Time Period + Patron + Religion). If you tagged Bilhana as '11th Century Chalukya Court', you would instantly know he couldn't have written a play about the 4th Century Gupta succession (*Devichandragupta*).
Devichandraguptam is attributed to Visakhadatta rather than Bilhana.
Knowing correct author attributions for major Sanskrit plays is high-yield for questions on classical literature and helps correctly link texts to historical contexts and patrons.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > I. Literary sources > p. 89
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
Plays such as Devichandraguptam and Mudrarakshasa provide details about the rise of the Guptas.
Mastering how literary works inform political history enables candidates to evaluate literary traditions alongside inscriptions and numismatics when answering questions on the Gupta period.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > I. Literary sources > p. 89
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
Samudragupta's court is associated with poets and dramatists like Visakhadatta and Kalidasa whose works define the classical age.
Understanding the link between royal patronage and literary production helps answer cultural-history questions, connect literature to political authority, and distinguish authorship and chronology of major works.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
Authorship and content of medieval literary works determine their usefulness and reliability for reconstructing historical events.
UPSC frequently tests the types and reliability of historical sources; mastering how literary works function as sources helps in assessing chronology, corroborating inscriptions and archaeology, and answering source-based questions. This concept links cultural history to methodology and is high-yield for questions on historiography and source evaluation.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Sources > p. 33
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > 3.1 Finding out about the Mauryas > p. 32
Many major medieval works were produced under royal patronage, so knowing patronage patterns helps attribute and date literary compositions.
Understanding patronage aids in dating texts, attributing authorship, and connecting political history with literary production; useful for questions on cultural policy, court culture, and regional literary histories. This enables candidates to infer provenance and motive behind texts in source-based questions.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Harsha as a Patron of Art and literature > p. 110
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
Jain and Buddhist monks and scholars authored important works, so author identity often corresponds to sectarian traditions and genres.
Mastering patterns of religious authorship is important for interpreting bias, genre, and intent of texts; it connects literary history with religious and social history and helps answer questions on sectarian contributions to regional and Sanskrit literatures.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 5: Evolution of Society in South India > Literary > p. 64
Knowledge of authorship questions about Buddhist works depends on understanding that Buddhist and Jain literature are primary source categories for ancient history.
High-yield for UPSC because many questions ask about the nature and reliability of historical sources; mastering this helps evaluate claims about authorship, dating, and reconstruction of events. It connects to historiography, textual criticism, and comparative use of religious texts in reconstructing political history.
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > 3.1 Finding out about the Mauryas > p. 32
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Sources > p. 33
Since Bilhana was the distractor here, the next logical question is on his actual work: *Vikramankadevacharita* (biography of Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI). Also, watch out for *Prithviraj Vijaya* by Jayanaka, often confused with *Prithviraj Raso* by Chand Bardai.
The 'Chronological Impossibility' Hack: Devichandragupta is a play about Chandragupta II (Gupta Era, ~4th-5th Century). Bilhana is a famous medieval poet (11th Century). A poet cannot write a contemporary eyewitness account (which the play claims to be based on) for an event 700 years prior. Mismatch detected -> Pair 1 Incorrect.
Mains GS1 (Art & Culture): Use texts like *Hammira-Mahakavya* and *Nitivakyamrita* as evidence for 'The tradition of resistance and political theory in Medieval India.' They show that Indian political thought (Niti) continued to evolve post-Gupta and wasn't stagnant.