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Q46 (IAS/2022) History & Culture › Culture, Literature, Religion & Philosophy › Indian philosophical schools Official Key

With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs: 1. Aryadeva - Jaina scholar 2. Dignaga - Buddhist scholar 3. Nathamuni - Vaishnava scholar How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 3 (Only two pairs) because pairs 2 and 3 are correctly matched, while pair 1 is incorrect.

  • Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Aryadeva was a renowned Buddhist scholar and a disciple of Nagarjuna. He was a central figure in the Madhyamaka school of Mahayana Buddhism, not a Jaina scholar.
  • Pair 2 is correctly matched: Dignaga is widely regarded as the father of Buddhist logic (Pramana). He was a seminal philosopher of the Yogacara-Sautrantika tradition and authored the Pramana-samuccaya.
  • Pair 3 is correctly matched: Nathamuni was a distinguished Vaishnava scholar and saint. He was the first of the Acharyas in the Sri Vaishnavism tradition and is credited with collecting and systematizing the Nalayira Divya Prabandham.

Since only pairs 2 and 3 are accurate, the correct choice is "Only two pairs."

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Q. With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs: 1. Aryadeva - Jaina scholar 2. Dignaga - Buddhist scholar 3. Nathamuni -…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 3.3/10 · 3.3/10
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This is a classic 'Paragraph Raid'. The examiner took one paragraph from the TN Class 11 History book (Gupta Period > Buddhist Literature) and extracted both Aryadeva and Dignaga. If you read the Dignaga line, you read the Aryadeva line. Nathamuni requires basic knowledge of the Bhakti movement's evolution (Alvars to Acharyas).

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
In Indian history, was Aryadeva a Jaina scholar?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Jaina Literature > p. 99
Strength: 4/5
“The Jaina canonical literature at first took shape in Prakrit dialects. Sanskrit came to be the medium later. Within a short time, Jainism produced many great scholars and by their efforts the Hindu itihasa and puranas were recast in Jaina versions to popularise their doctrines. Vimala produced a Jaina version of Ramayana. Siddasena Divakara laid the foundation of logic among the Jainas.”
Why relevant

Identifies named Jaina scholars (e.g., Siddasena Divakara, Vimala) and shows Jainism produced identifiable individual authors.

How to extend

A student could compare lists of named Jaina authors in reference works to see if Aryadeva appears among them.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > 3.1 The spread of Jainism > p. 89
Strength: 4/5
“Gradually, Jainism spread to many parts of India. Like the Buddhists, Jaina scholars produced a wealth of literature in a variety of languages – Prakrit, Sanskrit and Tamil. For centuries, manuscripts of these texts were carefully preserved in libraries attached to temples. Some of the earliest stone sculptures associated with religious traditions were produced by devotees of the Jaina tirthankaras, and have been recovered from several sites throughout the subcontinent. Ü Discuss... Is ahimsa relevant in the twenty-first century?”
Why relevant

States that Jaina scholars produced literature in specific languages (Prakrit, Sanskrit, Tamil).

How to extend

If Aryadeva's works or name are known in one of these languages, that linguistic association could support (or refute) a Jaina attribution.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Life of Mahavira > p. 39
Strength: 4/5
“It consisted of 12 angas (limbs). Another council was. It was held in Valabhi, Gujarat, in the 5th century CE. It added 12 upangas (minor sections). The Jaina monks not only wrote religious treatises but also promoted secular literature. Achārangasūtra, Sutrakṛtanga, and Kalpasūtra are the earliest Jaina texts. Most of the early Jaina texts were written in Ardha-Magadhi, the language of the common people.”
Why relevant

Explains that Jaina monks wrote religious treatises and secular literature and names early canonical texts and their language (Ardha-Magadhi).

How to extend

A student could check the language and genre of any texts attributed to Aryadeva to see if they match known Jaina literary traditions.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Jainism in Tamilnadu > p. 41
Strength: 3/5
“Jivaka Chinthamani, Yapperunkalam Karikai, Neelakesi are some of the prominent Jaina works in Tamil. As early as c. 470 CE a Jaina Dravida Sangha was established in Madurai by Vajranandi, a disciple of Boojya Padha. Jainism has survived in Tamil Nadu and there are several Jaina temples. One of the Jaina temples is at Tiruparuthikunram near Kanchipuram with beautiful ceiling paintings. This part of Kanchipuram was known as Jaina Kanchi.”
Why relevant

Gives examples of regional Jaina literary production (Tamil Jaina works and a Jaina Dravida Sangha), showing Jain authorship could be regionally specific.

How to extend

A student could use Aryadeva's regional/linguistic associations (if known) to judge plausibility of Jaina affiliation.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Rivalry among Heterodox Sects > p. 38
Strength: 3/5
“There was intense rivalry among the various heterodox sects. This is evident from the various religious accounts of the period. Buddhist and Jaina texts not only mention other heterodox sects but also belittle them. For example, Bhagavatisutra, a Jaina text, provides a poor account of Makkhali Gosala. Buddhagosa also ridicules Gosala in his commentaries. A Buddhist Jataka story "compares the heretics with the fire-flies, whose faint light faded before the rising glory of the sun, i.e., the Buddha".”
Why relevant

Shows existence of distinct Jaina texts (e.g., Bhagavatisutra) and active sectarian rivalry, implying authorship is often tied to sectarian literature.

How to extend

A student might check whether Aryadeva is cited in Jaina texts or polemics (or in Buddhist/other sectarian texts) to infer his sectarian identity.

Statement analysis

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