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Q81 (IAS/2023) History & Culture › Heritage & Misc Culture › Archaeology and exploration Official Key

With reference to the Indian History, Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: A
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 1: archaeological excavations.

The individuals mentioned were pioneering figures in Indian archaeology and epigraphy during the British Raj. Their collective contributions were instrumental in documenting and preserving India's material heritage:

  • Alexander Rea: Known for excavating the Buddhist site at Amaravati and Adichanallur.
  • A. H. Longhurst: A prominent archaeologist who conducted extensive excavations at Hampi (Vijayanagara) and Nagarjunakonda.
  • Robert Sewell: An official and historian famous for his work A Forgotten Empire, which brought the history of Vijayanagara to light.
  • James Burgess: Served as the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and founded the journal Epigraphia Indica.
  • Walter Elliot: Noted for recovering the "Elliot Marbles" (sculptures from Amaravati Stupa).

Options 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect because these individuals were specifically associated with the Archaeological Survey of India or related historical research, rather than the press, missionary activities, or railway construction.

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Q. With reference to the Indian History, Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 0/10

This question rewards the 'marginalia' reader. You didn't need to know all five names; knowing just Alexander Rea (TN Board, Adichanallur) or Walter Elliot (NCERT Themes I, Amaravati) was enough to lock the answer. It proves that standard textbooks cover these 'obscure' names if you pay attention to the specific excavators mentioned alongside major sites.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with archaeological excavations in Indian history?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 2: Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures > Adichanallur > p. 21
Strength: 5/5
“The then district Collector of Tirunelveli A. J. Stuart and the famous linguist Bishop Robert Caldwell visited Adichanallur subsequently, found it was a quartz site. Quarrying was immediately banned and archaeological excavation commenced under the supervision of Alexander Rea. Rea prepared a comprehensive account of his findings, illustrated by photographs, and was published in the annual report of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), 1902-03. The burial mound at Adichanallur yielded the following: • Urns and pottery of various kinds in large numbers. • Iron implements, including spades and weapons (daggers, swords, spears and arrows). Some stone beads and a few gold ornaments • Bronze objects representing the domestic animals such as buffalo, goat or sheep and cock, and wild animals like tiger, antelope and elephant.”
Why relevant

Direct example: this snippet states that Alexander Rea supervised archaeological excavation at Adichanallur and published the findings in the ASI report.

How to extend

A student could treat this as direct evidence that Rea was involved in excavations and then compare other names against ASI reports or site-specific excavation accounts.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 5: Evolution of Society in South India > Porunai: The Cradle of Tamil Civilisation > p. 72
Strength: 4/5
“Porunai (Thamirabarani) is the only perennial river in Tamil Nadu. It flows through Thirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts. In Porunai河basin, the first archaeological excavation was done in Adichanallur (1876) by a German explorer named Dr. Jagor. Then the British archaeologist Alexander Rea conducted excavation during 1899-1905 and displayed the artefacts he had collected in Madras. Government Museum. Nearly after a century, the Archaeological Survey of India conducted excavation in 2004. Its report has been published recently. The Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology began excavations (2019 - 2021) in burial and habitation mound of Adichanallur. Korkai, an ancient port mentioned in Sangam and Greek texts.”
Why relevant

Confirms Rea conducted excavations at Adichanallur (1899–1905) and displayed artefacts—an example of British archaeologists working on Indian sites.

How to extend

Use the pattern of British archaeologists working in India to check whether Longhurst, Sewell, Burgess or Elliot held similar field roles or published site reports.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Nomenclature, Phases and Chronology > p. 10
Strength: 3/5
“The seal from this site reached Alexander Cunningham, the first surveyor of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Alexander Cunningham visited the site in 1853, 1856 and 1875. Later in the 1940s, Mortimer Wheeler excavated the Harappan sites. After the partition of the Indian subcontinent, many of the Harappan sites went to Pakistan and thus archaeologists were keen to trace the Harappan sites on the Indian side. Kalibangan, Lothal, Rakhi Garhi and Dholavira are the Indian sites that have been since excavated. The explorations and excavations conducted after the 1950s have helped to understand the Harappan Civilisation and its nature.”
Why relevant

Shows that officers of the Archaeological Survey of India (e.g., Alexander Cunningham) visited and excavated Indian sites—establishes the institutional context for many excavations.

How to extend

A student could investigate whether the other named individuals were ASI officers or worked with ASI, which would make association with excavations more likely.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones > Major Developments in Harappan Archaeology > p. 25
Strength: 3/5
“Wheeler excavates at Harappa: 1990 R.S. Bisht begins excavations at Dholavira Report of Alexander Cunningham on Harappan seal Twentieth century 1921 Daya Ram Sahni begins excavations at Harappa 1922 Excavations begin at Mohenjodaro 1946 R.E.M. Wheeler excavates at Harappa: 1997 Amrendra Nath starts excavations at Rakhigarhi Report of Alexander Cunningham on Harappan seal Twentieth century 1921 Daya Ram Sahni begins excavations at Harappa 1922 Excavations begin at Mohenjodaro 1946 R.E.M. Wheeler excavates at Harappa: 2013 Vasant Shinde begins archaeogenetic research at Report of Alexander Cunningham on Harappan seal Twentieth century 1921 Daya Ram Sahni begins excavations at Harappa 1922 Excavations begin at Mohenjodaro 1946 R.E.M.”
Why relevant

Lists several archaeologists (Daya Ram Sahni, Wheeler, R.S. Bisht, etc.) and their excavations—illustrates the common practice of named individuals conducting site digs and being recorded in excavation chronologies.

How to extend

Compare the chronology and list format here with biographical or bibliographic records for Longhurst, Sewell, Burgess, and Elliot to see if they appear in excavation lists.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
Strength: 2/5
“Archaeology and epigraphy are the tools that provide rich information for the historian to understand earlier periods of history. Archaeology is particularly important because excavations reveal the nature of urban morphology, that is, layout of the city and construction of buildings. They also provide concrete information about the material culture of people in the past, such as the metals that were known, materials and tools they used, and the technology they employed. The archaeological finds in the Gangetic regions give us solid proof about the nature of the urban centres established in the region in course of time. Epigraphical evidence is scanty for the period.”
Why relevant

Defines archaeology and emphasizes that excavations reveal material culture—indicates that being 'associated with excavations' normally means supervising, conducting, publishing, or recording digs.

How to extend

Use this definition as a criterion: check whether each named person supervised, conducted, or published excavation reports to judge their association.

Statement 2
Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with the establishment of the English press in colonial India (Indian history)?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > 6.2 Print Comes to India > p. 120
Strength: 5/5
“From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine that described itself as 'a commercial paper open to all, but influenced by none'. So it was private English enterprise, proud of its independence from colonial influence, that began English printing in India. Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including those that related to the import and sale of slaves. But he also published a lot of gossip about the Company's senior officials in India. Enraged by this, Governor-General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey, and encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government.”
Why relevant

States that English printing in India began as private English enterprise with James Augustus Hickey in 1780 (the Bengal Gazette) — an explicit example of who established the earliest English press.

How to extend

A student could check whether any of the five names were newspaper proprietors/editors or otherwise active in journalism around 1780–early 19th century to test their association with the press's establishment.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 29: Development of Indian Press > Development of Indian Press > p. 557
Strength: 4/5
“James Augustus Hickey in 1780 started The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser, the first newspaper in India, which was seized in 1872 because of its outspoken criticism of the Government. Later more newspapers/journals came up—The Bengal Journal, The Calcutta Chronicle, The Madras Courier, The Bombay Herald. The Company's officers were worried that these newspapers might reach London and expose their misdeeds. Thus they saw the need for curbs on the press.”
Why relevant

Lists early English newspapers (Bengal Gazette, Bengal Journal, Calcutta Chronicle, Madras Courier, Bombay Herald), showing the form and names of outlets that constitute the 'establishment' of English press.

How to extend

A student could see whether any of the five individuals are linked to these specific titles or similar early papers to infer involvement in establishing the English press.

India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > 9 Print and Censorship > p. 127
Strength: 4/5
“Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was not too concerned with censorship. Strangely, its early measures to control printed matter were directed against Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule and hated the actions of particular Company officers. The Company was worried that such criticisms might be used by its critics in England to attack its trade monopoly in India. By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press freedom and the Company began encouraging publication of newspapers that would celebrate Britsh rule. In 1835, faced with urgent petitions by editors of English and vernacular newspapers, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise press laws.”
Why relevant

Explains Company concerns and later encouragement of officially sanctioned newspapers — a pattern showing some press was founded by private critics and some by officials/Company supporters.

How to extend

A student could determine whether each named person was a private independent publisher/critic or an official/administrator (which would suggest different likelihoods of founding independent English press).

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Role of Press and Literature > p. 241
Strength: 3/5
“The second half of the nineteenth century saw an unprecedented growth of Indian-owned English and vernacular newspapers, despite numerous restrictions imposed on the press by the colonial rulers from time to time. In 1877, there were about 169 newspapers published in vernacular languages and their circulation reached the neighbourhood of 1,00,000. The press while criticising official policies, on the one hand, urged the people to unite, on the other. It also helped spread modern ideas of self-government, democracy, civil rights and industrialisation. The newspapers, journals, pamphlets and nationalist literature helped in the exchange”
Why relevant

Describes large-scale growth of Indian-owned English and vernacular newspapers in the second half of the 19th century, indicating a later phase of press expansion distinct from the initial establishment.

How to extend

A student could place each person chronologically: if someone was active in the later 19th-century expansion versus the 1780 founding, it affects their plausibility as founders of the English press.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 29: Development of Indian Press > 560 ✫ A Brief History of Modern India > p. 560
Strength: 3/5
“The Act came to be nicknamed "the gagging Act". The worst features of this Act were—(i) discrimination between English and vernacular press, (ii) no right of appeal. Under VPA, proceedings were instituted against Som Prakash, Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash and Samachar. (Incidentally, the Amrita Bazar Patrika turned overnight into an English newspaper to escape the VPA.) Later, the pre-censorship clause was repealed, and a press commissioner was appointed to supply authentic and accurate news to the press. There was strong opposition to the Act and finally Ripon repealed it in 1882. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjea became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned.”
Why relevant

Discusses press regulation and the Amrita Bazar Patrika's tactics (turning into English to evade regulation), illustrating legal/linguistic dynamics that shaped which papers were 'English' and who might establish them.

How to extend

A student could check whether the individuals were involved in legal/administrative contexts influencing press language/status, which would bear on their role in establishing English press outlets.

Statement 3
Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with the establishment of churches in princely states in Indian history?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 1: Sources for the History of Modern India > Biographies, Memoirs and Travel Accounts > p. 7
Strength: 5/5
“Many travellers, traders, missionaries and civil servants who came to India, have left accounts of their experiences and their impressions of various parts of India. An important group among these writers was that of the missionaries who wrote to encourage their respective societies to send more missionaries to India for the purpose of envangelising its inhabitants. In this genre, Bishop Heber's Journal and Abbe Dubois's Hindu Manners and Customs, provide useful information on the socio-economic life of India during the period of decline of the Indian powers and the rise of the British. Some of the famous British travellers who wrote travel accounts were—George Forster, Benjamin Heyne, James Burnes (Narrative of a Visit to the Court of Sinde), Alexander Burnes (Travels Into Bokhara), C.J.C.”
Why relevant

Describes missionaries as a distinct group among visitors to India who wrote to encourage their societies to send more missionaries to India for the purpose of evangelising—implicitly linking missionaries with church-establishment activity.

How to extend

Check whether any of the named persons were missionaries (or worked closely with missionary societies) and whether they operated in princely states where missionary activity could lead to church establishment.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Colonial Era in India > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 94
Strength: 4/5
“In the Indian context, a princely state was a region that remained under the rule of an Indian prince, maharaja or nawab, but which had accepted British protection and guidance in exchange for maintaining internal autonomy. There were hundreds of them, from large ones (such as Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore or Jammu & Kashmir) to smaller ones. At the time of India's Independence, there were over 500 princely states, covering about 40 per cent of the Subcontinent. The Doctrine of Lapse led to the annexation of numerous states, contributing to the expansion of the territorial control of the British. This created much resentment in sections of Indian society and contributed to the 1857 Rebellion (to which we return below).”
Why relevant

Defines what a princely state was (regions under Indian rulers with British paramountcy), giving the geographical/political context where missionaries or officials might establish churches.

How to extend

Use the definition to map where each individual worked and see if those locations were princely states at the time, to judge plausibility of church-establishment there.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 2: Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures > Adichanallur > p. 21
Strength: 4/5
“The then district Collector of Tirunelveli A. J. Stuart and the famous linguist Bishop Robert Caldwell visited Adichanallur subsequently, found it was a quartz site. Quarrying was immediately banned and archaeological excavation commenced under the supervision of Alexander Rea. Rea prepared a comprehensive account of his findings, illustrated by photographs, and was published in the annual report of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), 1902-03. The burial mound at Adichanallur yielded the following: • Urns and pottery of various kinds in large numbers. • Iron implements, including spades and weapons (daggers, swords, spears and arrows). Some stone beads and a few gold ornaments • Bronze objects representing the domestic animals such as buffalo, goat or sheep and cock, and wild animals like tiger, antelope and elephant.”
Why relevant

Shows Alexander Rea functioning as an Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) officer involved in excavations—illustrating that some listed names are civil servants/officials rather than missionaries.

How to extend

A student could use this pattern (civil servant/archaeologist role) to infer that Rea was less likely to be involved in founding churches compared with individuals explicitly described as missionaries or ecclesiastical agents.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > The Fate of Amaravati and Sanchi > p. 98
Strength: 4/5
“In 1854, Walter Elliot, the commissioner of Guntur (Andhra Pradesh), visited Amaravati and collected several sculpture panels and took them away to Madras. (These came to be called the Elliot marbles after him.) He also discovered the remains of the western gateway and came to the conclusion that the structure at Amaravati was one of the largest and most magnificent Buddhist stupas ever built. By the 1850s, some of the slabs from Amaravati had begun to be taken to different places: to the Asiatic Society of Bengal at Calcutta, to the India Office in Madras and some even to London.”
Why relevant

Describes Walter Elliot as a British commissioner who collected antiquities—again indicating an administrative/official role rather than a missionary one.

How to extend

Using this, a student could prioritize checking whether Elliot’s administrative postings were in princely states and whether commissioners typically sponsored or opposed church establishments in those regions.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > Major Political and Economic Developments > p. 51
Strength: 3/5
“Eighteenth century 1784 | Founding of the Asiatic Society (Bengal) Nineteenth century • 1810s | Colin Mackenzie collects over 8,000 inscriptions in Sanskrit and Dravidian languages • 1838 | Decipherment of Asokan Brahmi by James Prinsep • 1877 | Alexander Cunningham publishes a set of Asokan inscriptions • 1886 | First issue of Epigraphia Carnatica, a journal of south Indian inscriptions • 1888 | First issue of Epigraphia Indica Twentieth century • 1965-66 | D.C. Sircar publishes Indian Epigraphy and Indian Epigraphical Glossary”
Why relevant

Lists prominent archaeologists and institutional activity (Asiatic Society, ASI) showing a pattern of scholarly/official engagement in India distinct from missionary activity.

How to extend

A student could use these institutional links to distinguish which named individuals were archaeologists/ASl-affiliated (less likely to found churches) versus those connected to missionary societies (more likely).

Statement 4
Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with the construction of railways in colonial India (Indian history)?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > Railways, Postal & Telegraph Systems > p. 271
Strength: 5/5
“The first serious proposal for constructing railways was made by the European business community. The Directors were doubtful whether railways could be successfully built in India. Governor General Dalhousi however persuaded them arguing that the railways would bring very considerable economic advantage. Yet before the Great Rebellion less than three hundred miles of track had been laid. Though several proposals for the laying of telegraph communication between India and London were put forward, the telegraph service was inaugurated only in 1854. During the Great Rebellion of 1857 its importance was realised. In the aftermath of 1857, it became an urgent necessity.”
Why relevant

Explains who promoted and authorised early railway construction (European business community and the Governor‑General), indicating that promoters were commercial directors and high colonial officials rather than archaeologists or collectors.

How to extend

A student could check the professional/official roles of the five named people — those identified as railway engineers, company directors, or transport administrators are more likely to have been involved in construction.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 5: The Structure of the Government and the Economic Policies of the British Empire in India, 1757—1857 > British Economic Policies in India, 1757-1857 > p. 100
Strength: 4/5
“During the 1830's and 1840's. Pressure soon mounted for their speedy construction in India. The British manufacturers hoped thereby to open the vast and hitherto untapped market in the interior of the country and to facilitate the export of Indian raw materials and food-stuffs to feed their hungry machines and operatives. The British bankers and investors looked upon railway development in India as a channel for safe investment of their surplus capital. The earliest suggestion to build a railway in India was made in Madras in 1831. But the wagons of this railway were to be drawn by horses. Construction of steam-driven railways in India was first proposed in 1834 in England.”
Why relevant

Gives the timeline and geography of early railway proposals (first suggestion in Madras, steam railways proposed in 1834), useful for linking individuals who worked in Madras or in that early period to railway projects.

How to extend

A student can compare the career locations and dates of the five individuals with the places/times of early railway development (e.g., Madras in 1830s–1840s) to see who could plausibly have been involved.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Colonial Era in India > Reshaping economic structures to serve imperial needs > p. 103
Strength: 4/5
“The British transformed India's economy from a self-sufficient agricultural system supplemented by craft and manufacture production into a supplier of raw materials for British industry and a market forced to buy British goods. Without going into the technical details of this economic transformation, let us take the example of the construction of India's vast railway network, often cited as a colonial blessing. While the railways did bring people closer together and integrated India's internal market, it was designed primarily to move raw materials from the interior to ports for export and to distribute British manufactured goods throughout India. Railway routes largely ignored existing trade”
Why relevant

Describes the colonial purposes and sponsors of railway routes (movement of raw materials and integration for British benefit), implying involvement by officials working on economic/transport policy and by commercial interests.

How to extend

Check whether any of the five had roles in economic administration, transport policy, or commercial enterprises; such links would make their association with railway construction more plausible.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings > The Fate of Amaravati and Sanchi > p. 98
Strength: 4/5
“In 1854, Walter Elliot, the commissioner of Guntur (Andhra Pradesh), visited Amaravati and collected several sculpture panels and took them away to Madras. (These came to be called the Elliot marbles after him.) He also discovered the remains of the western gateway and came to the conclusion that the structure at Amaravati was one of the largest and most magnificent Buddhist stupas ever built. By the 1850s, some of the slabs from Amaravati had begun to be taken to different places: to the Asiatic Society of Bengal at Calcutta, to the India Office in Madras and some even to London.”
Why relevant

Shows Walter Elliot's role as a district commissioner and antiquarian activity (collecting sculpture), which suggests his primary work was administrative/archaeological rather than engineering or railway construction.

How to extend

A student could use this to tentatively eliminate Elliot from being a railway constructor unless further evidence shows he had transport/engineering duties.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 2: Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures > Adichanallur > p. 21
Strength: 5/5
“The then district Collector of Tirunelveli A. J. Stuart and the famous linguist Bishop Robert Caldwell visited Adichanallur subsequently, found it was a quartz site. Quarrying was immediately banned and archaeological excavation commenced under the supervision of Alexander Rea. Rea prepared a comprehensive account of his findings, illustrated by photographs, and was published in the annual report of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), 1902-03. The burial mound at Adichanallur yielded the following: • Urns and pottery of various kinds in large numbers. • Iron implements, including spades and weapons (daggers, swords, spears and arrows). Some stone beads and a few gold ornaments • Bronze objects representing the domestic animals such as buffalo, goat or sheep and cock, and wild animals like tiger, antelope and elephant.”
Why relevant

Identifies Alexander Rea as an Archaeological Survey of India excavator and reporter (1902–03), indicating his profession was archaeology, not railway building.

How to extend

Use Rea's documented archaeological role to deprioritise him as a railway constructor and focus verification on the remaining names who might have engineering or administrative transport links.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC is shifting from 'What happened?' to 'How do we know what happened?'. Questions on inscriptions, travelers, and now archaeologists indicate a focus on the *sources* and *construction* of history. Expect future questions on specific epigraphists or numismatists.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Solvable. Direct hit from TN Class XI (Alexander Rea) and NCERT Themes I (Walter Elliot).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The Historiography of Ancient India – specifically the 'Discovery of the Past' and the institutional history of the ASI (Archaeological Survey of India).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Site-Excavator' pairs: Colin Mackenzie (Hampi/Surveyor General), James Prinsep (Brahmi/Ashoka), Alexander Cunningham (First ASI DG/Bharhut), John Marshall (IVC/Sanchi conservation), R.E.M. Wheeler (Stratigraphy/Arikamedu), Daya Ram Sahni (Harappa), R.D. Banerji (Mohenjodaro).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When you read about a heritage site (e.g., Amaravati, Adichanallur, Hampi) in NCERT/TN books, do not ignore the name of the British official who 'discovered' or 'excavated' it. UPSC treats these 'Provenance Personalities' as high-value facts.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Adichanallur excavations & Alexander Rea
💡 The insight

Alexander Rea supervised and published the archaeological excavations at Adichanallur (c.1899–1905) and curated the finds in a museum report.

High-yield for questions on regional archaeology and archaeological finds in South India; links to study of Iron Age burials, material culture, and museum collections. Knowing site–excavator pairings helps answer source-based and objective questions in prelims and provides concrete examples for mains essays on historical archaeology.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 2: Early India: The Chalcolithic, Megalithic, Iron Age and Vedic Cultures > Adichanallur > p. 21
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 5: Evolution of Society in South India > Porunai: The Cradle of Tamil Civilisation > p. 72
🔗 Anchor: "Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Role of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in excavations
💡 The insight

ASI figures and reports (for example Rea's ASI report and mentions of Cunningham/Marshall/Wheeler) framed and published major excavations.

Understanding ASI's institutional role is crucial for questions on heritage governance, colonial archaeology, and the provenance of archaeological knowledge; connects to administrative history and cultural policy questions in mains and to factual prelim items about key institutions.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Nomenclature, Phases and Chronology > p. 10
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones > 10.1 Cunningham's confusion > p. 19
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones > 10.2 A new old civilisation > p. 20
🔗 Anchor: "Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Colonial-era archaeologists and excavation methods
💡 The insight

Early archaeologists like Cunningham, Marshall and Wheeler had identifiable excavation interests and methods (text-guided surveys, horizontal units, focus on spectacular finds).

Useful for evaluating historiography and methodology in archaeology-related mains answers and for prelim questions on development of archaeological practice in India; helps compare approaches across periods and assess biases in source material.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones > 10.1 Cunningham's confusion > p. 19
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones > 10.2 A new old civilisation > p. 20
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones > Major Developments in Harappan Archaeology > p. 25
🔗 Anchor: "Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Origins of the English press in India (Hickey, 1780)
💡 The insight

James Augustus Hickey began the Bengal Gazette in 1780, marking the start of private English-language printing in India.

High-yield for questions on early colonial print culture and the timeline of public sphere formation; connects to governance responses and early public criticism of Company rule. Useful for framing causes of later press regulation and the emergence of Indian-owned newspapers.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 29: Development of Indian Press > Development of Indian Press > p. 557
  • India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > 6.2 Print Comes to India > p. 120
🔗 Anchor: "Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Colonial censorship and press legislation
💡 The insight

The East India Company and later colonial administrations enacted rules and encouraged loyal newspapers, culminating in repressive measures like the Vernacular Press Act and other press laws.

Essential for questions on state-society relations and legal instruments used to control dissent; links to topics on nationalism, civil liberties, and administrative history. Knowing these laws helps answer questions on causes and effects of press-related protest and legal reform.

📚 Reading List :
  • India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > 9 Print and Censorship > p. 127
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 29: Development of Indian Press > 560 ✫ A Brief History of Modern India > p. 560
🔗 Anchor: "Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Role of the press in the rise of Indian nationalism
💡 The insight

English and vernacular newspapers grew in the nineteenth century and helped spread ideas of self-government, civil rights and national unity.

Crucial for answering questions on the social and ideological roots of nationalism; connects print culture to mass mobilization, political leadership, and reform movements. Enables synthesis-type answers linking media, public opinion, and political change.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Role of Press and Literature > p. 241
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 29: Development of Indian Press > 560 ✫ A Brief History of Modern India > p. 560
🔗 Anchor: "Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Missionary activity and evangelisation in colonial India
💡 The insight

Missionaries travelled, wrote accounts and actively promoted evangelising efforts and institutions in India, which is directly relevant to questions about church establishment.

High-yield for modern history: explains the social and institutional role of missionaries, links to education and social reform topics, and helps answer questions on religious and cultural change under colonial rule.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 1: Sources for the History of Modern India > Biographies, Memoirs and Travel Accounts > p. 7
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > II. Write brief answers > p. 14
🔗 Anchor: "Which of Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Colin Mackenzie. He appears prominently in NCERT Themes II (Vijayanagara) as the first Surveyor General of India who prepared the first survey map of Hampi in 1800. He is the logical sibling to Sewell and Longhurst in the context of Vijayanagara archaeology.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'One-Drop' Rule. In a list-based question like this, if you identify ONE person's profession, the whole list belongs to that category. If you knew Walter Elliot collected the 'Elliot Marbles' (sculptures) from Amaravati (NCERT), he cannot be associated with 'Press' or 'Railways'. Thus, Option A is the only logical choice.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS-1 (Art & Culture) & GS-2 (Governance): The establishment of the ASI (1861) and the Survey of India represents 'Colonial Knowledge'—the British effort to catalog India to rule it effectively. Use this to argue how heritage conservation in India began as a colonial administrative project.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2022 · Q49 Relevance score: -0.33

With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements: 1. The Dutch established their factories/warehouses on the east coast on lands granted to them by Gajapati rulers. 2. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate. 3. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara empire. Which of the statements given above are correct?

IAS · 2002 · Q81 Relevance score: -1.10

With reference to colonial period of Indian history, match List I (Person) with List II (Event) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists

(Person) | (Event)
A. MacDonald | 1. Doctrine of Lapse
B. Linlithgow | 2. Communal Award
C. Dalhousie | 3. August Offer
D. Chelmsford | 4. Dyarchy

IAS · 2003 · Q135 Relevance score: -2.84

With reference to colonial rule in India, what was sought by the Ilbert Bill in 1883?

CDS-I · 2002 · Q97 Relevance score: -3.44

With reference to the colonial rule of India, which one of the following was not the feature of Subsidiary Alliance System?

IAS · 2018 · Q89 Relevance score: -3.58

With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs : Institution Founder 1. Sanskrit College at Benaras - William Jones 2. Calcutta Madarsa - Warren Hastings 3. Fort William College - Arthur Wellesley Which of the pairs given above is/are correct ?