Question map
With reference to Home Guards, consider the following statements : 1. Home Guards are raised under the Home Guards Act and Rules of the Central Government. 2. The role of the Home Guards is to serve as an auxiliary force to the police in maintenance of internal security. 3. To prevent infiltration on the international border/coastal areas, the Border Wing Home Guards Battalions have been raised in some States. How many of the above statements are correct?
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 2 (Only two) because statements 2 and 3 are correct, while statement 1 is incorrect.
- Statement 1 is incorrect: Home Guards are a voluntary force raised under the specific Home Guards Acts and Rules of the respective States/Union Territories, not the Central Government. Although the Ministry of Home Affairs provides guidelines and funding, the statutory powers lie with the States.
- Statement 2 is correct: The primary role of Home Guards is to serve as an auxiliary force to the police. They assist in maintaining internal security, communal harmony, and public order, as well as providing help during natural calamities.
- Statement 3 is correct: Specific Border Wing Home Guards (BWHG) battalions have been raised in border states (like Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab) to assist the Border Security Force in preventing infiltration and protecting the international border and coastal areas.
Since only statements 2 and 3 are factually accurate, the correct choice is Only two.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis is a classic 'Administrative Minutiae' bouncer. It bypasses standard Polity books (Laxmikanth) and dives into the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) Annual Report. The core trap is Federalism: confusing a State-level auxiliary force with Central rules. Strategy: For security bodies, always map the 'Parent Ministry' and 'Legal Basis' (State vs Centre).
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Are Home Guards in India raised under a Home Guards Act and under rules made by the Central Government?
- Statement 2: Do Home Guards in India serve as an auxiliary force to the police for the maintenance of internal security?
- Statement 3: Have Border Wing Home Guards battalions been raised in some Indian states?
- Statement 4: Are Border Wing Home Guards battalions in India specifically raised to prevent infiltration on international borders and coastal areas?
- Directly states how Home Guards are legally raised.
- Specifies that the Rules are those of the States/UTs (not rules made by the Central Government).
- Shows a State (Meghalaya) adopting a specific Home Guards Act and Rules (Assam Home Guards Acts and Rules, 1947).
- Supports that Home Guards arrangements are implemented at the State/UT level via adaptation of Acts/rules.
- Shows the central government (Ministry of Home Affairs) issues guidance (Compendium of Instruction, 2007).
- Indicates central guidance exists but does not state that rules are made by the Central Government.
Snippet explicitly records the exact claim as a formal statement to be considered about Home Guards, indicating this is a recognized legal-technical proposition.
A student could take this wording and look up the Home Guards Act or exam answer keys to verify whether the claim is affirmed or negated.
Explains that the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal central ministry for many matters relating to Union Territories and administration.
A student might infer that if Home Guards fall under internal security/administration, MHA could frame rules—so they would check MHA notifications or rules for Home Guards.
Describes a general pattern where the Central Government makes rules for All-India Services (e.g., recruitment/service conditions) showing central rule-making over certain personnel matters.
By analogy, a student could ask whether Home Guards are treated as a centrally-ruled force and search for an Act/rules specifying central rule-making.
Shows the All-India Services Act authorised the Central Government to make rules in consultation with states—an example of central rule-making under a statute for forces/services.
A student could use this pattern to look for a statutory provision (a 'Home Guards Act') that delegates rule-making to the Central Government.
Illustrates the distinction and division of roles between central investigative agencies and state police, highlighting that some forces/functions are centrally regulated while others are state subjects.
A student could use this central-vs-state division as a heuristic to determine whether Home Guards are likely under state legislation or central rules, then check the relevant jurisdictions' statutes.
- Explicitly states the role of Home Guards as an auxiliary force to the police.
- Specifies the purpose: maintenance of law and order and internal security situations.
- Official Ministry of Home Affairs report wording that Home Guards serve as an auxiliary force to State police.
- Directly links that auxiliary role to maintenance of law and order and internal security situations.
- State Home Guards official site clearly lists 'serve as an auxiliary to the police' as a primary role.
- Specifically ties that auxiliary role to assisting in maintaining internal security.
Describes the Delhi Special Police Establishment as 'supplementary' to state police, illustrating an established pattern of auxiliary/supplementary forces working with police.
A student could infer that other organised bodies (like Home Guards) might play a similar supplementary role and then check whether Home Guards are organised/mandated to assist police.
Notes historical local 'watch guards' and officials (kotwal, faujdars) helping to maintain law and order, giving an example pattern of non-police local forces aiding policing functions.
Using this pattern, a student could compare the Home Guards' duties/structure with historical auxiliary roles to judge plausibility that they assist police in internal security.
Describes the evolution of policing and the creation of auxiliary bodies like CID and central intelligence, indicating the police system often includes supplementary agencies for law-and-order functions.
A student could reason that contemporary Home Guards might fit into this broader pattern of supplementary agencies and seek statutory/administrative references showing their role vis-à-vis police.
Mentions village watchmen and ad hoc forces sent to control crime, an example of civilian/irregular forces used for internal security in times of need.
A student could analogise that modern Home Guards could be the institutionalised successor to such civilian watch forces and investigate official duties and deployment practices.
Explains that a central investigation agency works under the Home Ministry with state assistance, showing institutional cooperation between central bodies and state police for security tasks.
A student could use this example of inter-agency cooperation to justify checking whether Home Guards are similarly integrated with police chains of command for internal security duties.
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- Official MHA annual report explicitly states Border Wing Home Guards battalions have been raised.
- Specifies the total number (18) of such battalions serving as an auxiliary to the BSF in border states.
- MHA report lists the Border Wing Home Guards battalions and the specific states where they were raised.
- Gives counts by state (e.g., Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and one each for Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and West Bengal).
- State (Meghalaya) government site confirms authorization to have a Border Wing Home Guards Battalion.
- Indicates Meghalaya is among the border states with such a special unit.
Mentions Home Guards and legal/administrative framework (Home Guards Act and Central Rules), establishing that Home Guards are an organised, government-recognised force.
A student could infer that variants or specialised wings (e.g., 'Border Wing') could be created under this framework and check state orders or notifications for such battalions in border states.
Describes mass infiltration and security threats in border States like Assam and West Bengal, implying a need for local auxiliary/security units.
A student could use this to expect that these states might raise additional local forces (such as Border Wing Home Guards) and then look up state-level Home Guard deployments or press reports from those states.
Identifies insurgency and smuggling as main problems along borders of Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, indicating heightened local security requirements in specific states.
Combine this with knowledge of which states border other countries to target searches for 'border' or 'border wing' Home Guard units in these north-eastern states.
Notes special provisions for north-eastern states due to insurgency and distinct conditions, suggesting central/state responsiveness to security needs in those regions.
A student could infer that such responsiveness might include raising specialised Home Guard battalions (Border Wing) in those states and then verify via state government or police/Home Guard records.
Discusses clashes and casualties involving border forces (e.g., BSF) along international borders, highlighting persistent border security challenges.
Using this, a student might reason that states facing cross-border incidents could supplement central forces by deploying Border Wing Home Guard units and search local sources for such deployments.
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- Explicitly states Border Wing Home Guards battalions have been raised in border States.
- Directly links these battalions to serving as an auxiliary to the BSF “for preventing infiltration.”
- Describes Home Guards' duties including deployment on the international border and coastal areas.
- Specifically mentions guarding vulnerable areas/points and lines of communication at times of external aggression, aligning with border/coastal security roles.
- Confirms that Border Wing Home Guards battalions have been raised in border States.
- States these battalions serve as an auxiliary to the Border Security Force (BSF), implying a role in border security operations.
Identifies 'infiltration from across the borders' as a distinct security problem linked with terrorism and cross-border crime.
A student could infer that security forces might be specially organized/expanded to counter infiltration and then check if 'Border Wing Home Guards' are one such organizational response.
Describes cross-border terrorism as a major internal-security concern, implying the need for dedicated border-oriented units.
Use this pattern to ask whether Home Guards have border-specific wings or battalions tasked with preventing such threats, by consulting organizational role descriptions or government orders.
Mentions Border Security Force (BSF) personnel casualties in a border dispute, showing that border guarding is handled by specific named units.
Compare the stated mandate of BSF (a border-specific force) with any roles assigned to Home Guards' 'border wing' to see if prevention of infiltration is explicitly their purpose.
Records an incident involving Bangladesh Rifles and BSF, illustrating that cross-border incursions and confrontations are a recurring issue requiring border forces.
A student could extend this by checking whether jurisdictions/roles of Home Guards' border units overlap with those of established border forces (BSF/BDR), suggesting a preventive role.
Points out smuggling and insurgency along the India–Myanmar border, highlighting non-military cross-border problems (smuggling, insurgency) that border units might be tasked to prevent.
From this, one could look for whether Home Guards' border formations are oriented toward anti-smuggling/infiltration duties in coastal or land-border areas.
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- [THE VERDICT]: Bouncer / Trap. Source: MHA Annual Report (Chapter on Police Forces). Standard books like Laxmikanth do not cover Home Guards in detail.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: GS3 Internal Security syllabus: 'Various Security Forces and agencies and their mandate.' This Mains topic bled into Prelims.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Second Line' forces: 1) Civil Defence (Civil Defence Act 1968, Central Act but State implementation). 2) Territorial Army (MoD, not MHA). 3) NCC (MoD). 4) Fire Services (State Subject, 12th Schedule). 5) Village Defence Guards (J&K specific).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When reading about forces (BSF, CRPF, etc.), ask three questions: Is it Statutory? Is it Central or State? Is it Military or Police? The 'Auxiliary to Police' phrase in Statement 2 was the biggest hint that it likely follows the State Police jurisdiction.
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A statute can expressly authorize the Central Government to make rules for implementation, which is the precise mechanism by which an organisation might be 'raised under an Act and rules of the Central Government'.
Understanding delegated legislation is high-yield for questions on how bodies and services are constituted and regulated; it links to administrative law and examples of Acts that empower the Centre to frame rules, enabling candidates to identify when central rule-making applies versus state rule-making.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 74: Public Services > All-India Services > p. 545
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 1: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND > Utility of a Historical Retrospect. > p. 5
Whether an organisation is under central or state control depends on the constitutional/administrative allocation of subjects and the specific control provisions for services.
Mastering Centre–State divisions and control mechanisms (e.g., All-India Services, nodal ministries) helps answer questions on which level of government can legislate or make rules; it connects to federalism, public services, and administrative allocation questions frequently asked in UPSC.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 74: Public Services > All-India Services > p. 546
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 41: Union Territories > ADVISORY COMMITTEES OF UNION TERRITORIES > p. 412
The concept of non-regular units acting in a supporting role to state police directly parallels the claim about Home Guards functioning as an auxiliary force.
High-yield for questions on internal security architecture: explains roles of non-police agencies and how they augment law-and-order duties. Connects to questions on delegation of policing functions and emergency augmentation of forces, enabling candidates to compare agencies (regular police vs supplementary bodies) and answer structure/role-based questions.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 65: Central Bureau of Investigation > CBI VS. STATE POLICE > p. 506
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 26: Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Developments > Evolution of Police System in Modern India > p. 518
Central investigative and security agencies work alongside state police, illustrating cooperative frameworks relevant to auxiliary force arrangements.
Important for UPSC topics on federal aspects of internal security: clarifies when central agencies intervene, how assistance is provided, and administrative control lines. Useful for questions on jurisdiction, coordination, and constitutional/federal dimensions of law enforcement.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 67: National Investigation Agency > ESTABLISHMENT > p. 513
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 65: Central Bureau of Investigation > CBI VS. STATE POLICE > p. 506
Historic village and city watch systems show longstanding use of local auxiliary personnel to maintain order, a conceptual precursor to organised auxiliary units.
Useful for essays and history-linked internal security questions: connects evolution of policing from local watch systems to formal police and auxiliary units, allowing candidates to trace institutional development and answer comparative/analytical prompts.
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 26: Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Developments > Evolution of Police System in Modern India > p. 517
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 15: The Marathas > Police System > p. 236
Border disputes often stem from linguistic and demographic overlaps in boundary areas and can produce long‑standing territorial claims.
High-yield for federalism and internal security questions: explains causes of inter-regional friction, relates to centre–region dispute resolution mechanisms, and helps answer questions on boundary management and administrative reorganisation.
- Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: FEDERALISM > Interstate Conflicts > p. 169
Insurgency and smuggling are major security challenges along the India–Myanmar boundary affecting Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.
Crucial for internal security and border management topics: links to deployment of paramilitary forces, border policing strategies, and policies on infiltration and cross-border crime; useful for essays and mains questions on security and development in border areas.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > India-Myanmar Boundary > p. 49
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Civil Defence Organization. Often mentioned in the same MHA chapter as Home Guards. Key Fact: The Civil Defence Act, 1968 is a Central Act, but the 'Civil Defence Corps' are raised by State Governments. Unlike Home Guards (which are for law and order), Civil Defence is primarily for 'hostile attacks' and disaster management.
Apply the 'Schedule 7 Filter'. 'Police' and 'Public Order' are State Subjects. Home Guards are explicitly an 'auxiliary to the police'. Therefore, it is constitutionally illogical for them to be raised under 'Rules of the Central Government'. Administrative logic dictates that a force attached to the State Police must be governed by State Rules. This eliminates Statement 1.
Mains GS3 (Internal Security - Border Management). The 'Border Wing Home Guards' (Statement 3) are a prime example of 'Force Multipliers' and 'Community Policing' in border areas, used to assist the BSF in anti-infiltration grids without expanding the permanent standing army.
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