Question map
Consider the following statements : 1. Carbon fibres are used in the manufacture of components used in automobiles and aircrafts. 2. Carbon fibres once used cannot be recycled. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 1.
Statement 1 is correct: Carbon fibres are industrial materials characterized by high tensile strength, low weight, and high chemical resistance. These properties make them ideal for the aerospace and automotive industries, where reducing weight while maintaining structural integrity is crucial for fuel efficiency and performance. They are extensively used in aircraft wings, fuselages, and high-performance car chassis.
Statement 2 is incorrect: While recycling carbon fibre is technically challenging due to its composite nature, it is not impossible. Modern thermal (pyrolysis) and chemical (solvolysis) processes allow for the recovery of carbon fibres from end-of-life components. Recycled carbon fibre retains significant mechanical properties and is increasingly used in secondary applications, making the claim that they "cannot be recycled" factually wrong.
Therefore, only the first statement holds true, making Option 1 the right choice.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Science of Possibility' question. Statement 1 tests general awareness of material properties (light & strong = aerospace/auto). Statement 2 is a 'Technological Pessimism' trap; in Science & Tech, absolute negatives like 'cannot be recycled' are almost always false because technology evolves to solve limitations.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- The passage explicitly references the manufacture of carbon fibres and articles of carbon fibres for non-electrical purposes.
- The same section lists car-related manufactured textile items (e.g., loose covers for cars), linking the manufacturing context to automotive products.
Describes the automobile industry and notes steel as the basic raw material used in the industry, implying vehicles rely on structural materials and material choice matters.
A student could combine this with knowledge that manufacturers sometimes substitute or supplement steel with lighter high-strength materials (e.g., composite fibres) to reduce weight.
Lists plastics and synthetic fibres among important manufacturing products, indicating the manufacturing sector commonly uses non-metal, fibre-based materials.
One could extend this pattern to infer that fibre-based reinforcements (including engineered fibres) are plausible choices for vehicle components where plastics/synthetics are used.
Shows natural fibres (sisal) are used as reinforcement in composite materials for manufacturing durable panels and industrial products.
From this example, a student can generalise that fibres (natural or engineered) are used to reinforce composites — making it reasonable to check whether high-performance fibres like carbon fibre are used similarly in auto parts.
Explains manufacturing covers a wide range from plastic toys to space vehicles, emphasising specialised materials and processes in producing components.
Knowing the diversity of manufacturing, a student could infer that specialised, high-performance materials (such as carbon-fibre composites) may be used in sectors requiring strength-to-weight advantages, like automobiles.
Describes use of natural fibres (sisal) as reinforcement in composite materials and for manufacturing composite panels and sheets.
A student could generalise that fibres (natural or synthetic) are used as reinforcement in composites and then check whether high‑strength synthetic fibres (e.g., carbon fibre) serve the same role in aerospace components.
Lists synthetic fibres and materials produced by industry (rayon, nylon, dacron, teteron, terylene etc.), showing a pattern of using engineered fibres in manufacturing.
One could extend this pattern to ask whether modern engineered fibres (carbon fibre being a synthetic high‑strength fibre) are likewise produced and used in high‑tech industries like aircraft manufacturing.
Explains manufacturing ranges from simple goods to assembling delicate computer components or space vehicles, indicating specialised factory production for advanced/high‑performance items.
A student could infer that aircraft (an advanced product) likely use specialised materials and then investigate whether fibre‑reinforced composites (including carbon fibres) are typical in such advanced manufacturing.
Notes aircraft manufacturing is elaborate and concentrated in highly industrialised countries, implying use of advanced materials and technologies in the sector.
Combine this with the idea that advanced industrial production adopts high‑performance materials to explore if carbon‑fibre composites are among those materials used in aircraft.
Describes petrochemical industry producing synthetic fibres and related materials as by‑products of petroleum processing.
A student could link large‑scale production capability for synthetic fibres to availability of engineered fibres (such as carbon or other synthetic fibres) for use in industries including aircraft manufacture.
- Directly cites a review titled 'Current status of carbon fibre and carbon fibre composites recycling', showing recycling of carbon fibre composites is an active topic of study.
- Lists industry examples and partnerships (Boeing/ELG, BMW/Boeing) aimed at finding new life for carbon fibre materials, indicating practical recycling initiatives exist.
- States that end-of-life strategies include reuse and recycling, framing recycling as a recognized way to reduce demand for new materials.
- Places recycling within material-efficiency strategies across the value chain, supporting the idea that composite materials (including carbon fibre composites) are considered for recycling at end-of-life.
This snippet states general recycling practice (segregating waste so it is collected and taken for recycling), giving a rule that manufactured materials are commonly targeted for recycling.
A student could apply this general rule to ask whether end-of-life carbon-fibre composites are collected/separated and thus whether there exist dedicated recycling streams for them.
The snippet highlights that some manufactured items (electronics, plastics) require special handling and distinct recycling processes due to hazardous components or material-specific methods.
By analogy, a student could infer that carbon-fibre composites might also need specialized recycling processes and therefore should check for mechanical, thermal, or chemical recycling methods used for composite materials.
This snippet draws a contrast by labelling certain carbon-based materials (fossil fuels) as non-recyclable, illustrating that 'carbon-containing' does not imply recyclability—recyclability depends on material type.
A student can use this distinction to avoid overgeneralizing from 'contains carbon' and instead investigate the material class (composite vs. fuel) to judge if recycling is feasible for carbon-fibre composites.
The snippet notes the widespread use of synthetic fibres and their durability, indicating that many synthetic/high-performance fibres exist and compete with natural materials.
A student could extend this to consider that high-performance synthetic fibres (like carbon fibres) may have distinct disposal/recycling paths from common textiles, prompting a search for industry practices for such fibres.
- [THE VERDICT]: Logical Sitter (via Elimination). Source: General Awareness / The Hindu S&T page.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Science & Technology > Advanced Materials > Carbon Allotropes & Composites.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: 1. Graphene (2D, high conductivity, touchscreens). 2. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs - drug delivery, structural reinforcement). 3. Kevlar (Aramid fibre, ballistic protection). 4. Aerogels (World's lightest solid, insulation). 5. Rare Earth Elements (Permanent magnets in EVs).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not memorize lists of car parts. Adopt the 'Technological Optimism' mindset: If a material is valuable (like Carbon Fibre), the industry *will* find a way to use it (S1) and *will* develop a way to recycle it (S2).
Automobile manufacturing primarily relies on steel as the basic raw material for vehicle components.
High-yield for UPSC: explains industry location, raw material dependence, and links to the iron and steel sector; connects to questions on industrial clusters, regional development, and trade policy. Mastery helps answer questions on why automobile plants locate near steel-producing centres and the economic impact of raw-material supply.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 11: Industries > AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY > p. 44
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 11: Industries > AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY > p. 43
- Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 14: Economic Activities Around Us > B. Secondary activities > p. 199
Natural fibres such as sisal are used as reinforcement in composite materials for manufacturing panels and other components.
Useful for questions on alternative and sustainable materials, lightweight composites, and low-cost manufacturing; connects to environmental and industrial policy themes and to debates about material substitution in manufacturing. Helps evaluate material choices beyond traditional metals.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Sisal (Agave sisalana) > p. 53
Manufacturing involves selection of appropriate materials, application of power, and mass production to create standardized components.
Core concept for UPSC: underpins questions on secondary activities, industrial organization, employment patterns, and technology adoption. Knowing this aids in analysing why certain materials and processes are chosen for different industries and products.
- FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Secondary Activities > MANUFACTURING CTURING > p. 36
- Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 28: Manufacturing Industry and The Iron and Steel Industry > Groups of Industries > p. 279
Fibre reinforcement is a common technique for making composite panels and lightweight structural components relevant to manufacturing applications.
High-yield for questions on modern manufacturing and materials technology: connects to topics on industrial production, materials science and applications in transport industries. Helps answer questions about why certain materials (natural or synthetic fibres) are chosen for strength, weight and cost tradeoffs.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Sisal (Agave sisalana) > p. 53
A range of synthetic fibres (e.g., nylon, dacron, terylene) are produced and used across manufacturing sectors, illustrating industry reliance on engineered fibres.
Important for understanding industrial inputs and value chains in manufacturing; links to questions on textile, plastics and composites industries and their role in transport and defence manufacturing.
- Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 28: Manufacturing Industry and The Iron and Steel Industry > Groups of Industries > p. 279
Aircraft production is a distinct manufacturing sector requiring specialised infrastructure, global markets and specific material choices.
Crucial for geography and economy sections: connects industrial location, global markets, infrastructure needs and technology intensity of sectors (e.g., aerospace). Enables answers on industrial clustering, trade and technology-driven manufacturing.
- FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Fig. 7.15: An Aeroplane at Salsburg Airport > p. 66
- FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Secondary Activities > Access to Market > p. 38
Recycling depends on segregating waste and using appropriate recycling routes for different materials.
High-yield because questions often test municipal waste management, recycling practices and policy measures; links to environmental governance and implementation challenges; enables answering questions on how to increase recycling rates and design waste-management interventions.
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > 3, Recycle > p. 80
- Science , class X (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 13: Our Environment > Activity 13.9 > p. 216
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs). While Carbon Fibre is structural, CNTs operate at the nano-scale. Prediction: 'Can CNTs be used in artificial blood capillaries or biochemical sensors?' (Answer: Yes).
The 'Anti-Absolute' Hack. Statement 2 says 'cannot be recycled'. In the domain of Science, 'cannot' implies a violation of the laws of physics (like exceeding the speed of light). Engineering difficulties (cost/complexity) do not equal 'cannot'. Therefore, S2 is False.
GS-3 (Environment & Circular Economy): The difficulty of recycling composites (like wind turbine blades and aircraft parts) is a major 'Green Energy Paradox'. Use this example in Mains answers about the challenges of Waste Management Rules.