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Q69 (IAS/2024) Miscellaneous & General Knowledge › Important Days, Places & Events › Indian defence and forces Official Key

Which of the following is/are correctly matched in terms of equivalent rank in the three services of Indian Defence forces ? 1. Brigadier - Air Commodore - Commander 2. Major General - Air Vice Marshal - Vice Admiral 3. Major - Squadron Leader - Lieutenant Commander 4. Lieutenant Colonel - Group Captain - Captain Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: D
Explanation

The correct answer is option D (3 only).

Let us examine each statement:

**Statement 1** claims Brigadier = Air Commodore = Commander. However, Brigadier, Commodore, and Air Commodore[1] are equivalent ranks, meaning the Navy equivalent is Commodore, not Commander. This statement is **incorrect**.

**Statement 2** claims Major General = Air Vice Marshal = Vice Admiral. Major General, Air Vice Marshal, and Rear Admiral are equivalent ranks[3], not Vice Admiral. Vice Admiral is equivalent to Lieutenant General. This statement is **incorrect**.

**Statement 3** claims Major = Squadron Leader = Lieutenant Commander. Major, Squadron Leader, and Lieutenant Commander[6] are[4] indeed equivalent ranks across the three services. This statement is **correct**.

**Statement 4** claims Lieutenant Colonel = Group Captain = Captain. Lieutenant Colonel, Wing Commander, and Captain (IN) are equivalent ranks[7], not Group Captain. Group Captain is equivalent to Colonel. This statement is **incorrect**.

Therefore, only statement 3 is correctly matched.

Sources
How others answered
Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
Community Performance
Out of everyone who attempted this question.
50%
got it right
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full view
Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Which of the following is/are correctly matched in terms of equivalent rank in the three services of Indian Defence forces ? 1. Brigadie…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 10/10

This question is a classic 'CDS crossover'—easy for defence aspirants, a bouncer for pure civilians. It signals that 'Internal Security' (GS3) includes the administrative structure of the forces, not just missiles and exercises. It tests functional literacy of the state apparatus: you know the hierarchy of courts; you must know the hierarchy of the sword.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Are Brigadier (Indian Army), Air Commodore (Indian Air Force), and Commander (Indian Navy) equivalent ranks in the Indian Defence forces?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Brigadier Commodore Air Commodore"
Why this source?
  • Provides a direct equivalence table for officer ranks across the three services.
  • Lists Brigadier (Army) alongside Commodore (Navy) and Air Commodore (Air Force), showing the Navy equivalent is Commodore, not Commander.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Lieutenant Colonel | Commander | Wing Commander"
Why this source?
  • Shows the row mapping Lieutenant Colonel (Army) to Commander (Navy) and Wing Commander (Air Force).
  • Indicates Commander (Navy) corresponds to Lieutenant Colonel, not Brigadier/Air Commodore, so Commander is not equivalent to Brigadier/Air Commodore.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > EI Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds > p. 80
Strength: 5/5
“Group 'A' / Class I and Group 'B' / Class II Orficers of the All India, Central and State Services; and Employees holding equivalent posts in PSUs, Banks, Insurance Organizations, Universities etc., and also in private employment. • 3. Persons who are in the «Ill k of colonel and above in the Army and equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force and the Paramilitary Forces. • 4. Professionals like doctors, lawyers, engineers, artists, authors, consultants and so on.”
Why relevant

Explicitly uses phrasing 'rank of colonel and above in the Army and equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force', showing that ranks across services are described in terms of 'equivalent posts'.

How to extend

A student could use this rule to look up where Brigadier and Air Commodore lie relative to 'colonel and above' and then compare the Navy's listed 'equivalent posts' to judge equivalence.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 715
Strength: 4/5
“Tobie o(Precedence 21 715 Members, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission Members, Union Public SelVice Commission Ministers of Union Territories and Executive Councillors, Delhi, outside their respective Union Thrritories Principal Staff Officers of the Armed Forces of the rank of Major General or equivalent rank Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories and Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council, outside their respective Union Territories. 26. Joint Secretaries to the Government of India and officers of equivalent rank. Officers of the rank of Major-General or equivalent rank.”
Why relevant

Mentions 'Officers of the rank of Major-General or equivalent rank' indicating official practice of mapping one service's rank to equivalents in others for precedence and protocol.

How to extend

One could extend this by consulting official precedence/appointment lists (which map Major-General to equivalents) and then locate Brigadier/Air Commodore/Commander within that mapped hierarchy.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 714
Strength: 3/5
“Officers of the rank of Lieutenant General or equivalent rank 25. Additional Secretaries to the Government of India Additional Solicitor General, Advocate Generals of States Chairman, Thriff Commission Charged 'Affairs and Acting High Commissioners a pied and ad interim Chief Ministers of Union Territories and Chief Executive Councillor, Delhi , outside their respective Un ion Territories Chief Secretaries of State Governments out side their respective States Deputy Comptroller and Auditor General Deputy Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories and Deput y Chairman, Delhi Metropolitan Council, outside their respective Union Territories Director, Central Bureau of Investigation Director General, Border Security Force Director General , Central Reserve Police Director, Intelligence Bureau Lieu te na n t Gove rnors o utside the ir respective Union Te rritories Members, Central Judiciary Tribunal”
Why relevant

Similarly cites 'Officers of the rank of Lieutenant General or equivalent rank', reinforcing that multi-service equivalence is used in official lists.

How to extend

A student could apply this pattern to find where Brigadier/Air Commodore/Commander fall relative to Lieutenant General/other ranks to infer equivalence or non-equivalence.

Statement 2
Are Major General (Indian Army), Air Vice Marshal (Indian Air Force), and Vice Admiral (Indian Navy) equivalent ranks in the Indian Defence forces?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"| Major General | Rear Admiral | Air Vice Marshal | | | Lieutenant General | Vice Admiral | Air Marshal |"
Why this source?
  • Provides a side-by-side rank table showing equivalence across Army, Navy, Air Force.
  • Shows Major General aligns with Rear Admiral and Air Vice Marshal, while Vice Admiral aligns with Lieutenant General and Air Marshal — so Major General and Vice Admiral are not equivalents.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"| Major General | Rear Admiral | Air Vice Marshal | | Brigadier | Commodore | Air Commodore | | Lt. General | Vice Admiral | Air Marshal |"
Why this source?
  • Gives an equivalent-ranks table that pairs Major General with Rear Admiral and Air Vice Marshal.
  • Separately pairs Lt. General with Vice Admiral and Air Marshal, confirming Vice Admiral is higher than Major General's equivalents.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 715
Strength: 5/5
“Tobie o(Precedence 21 715 Members, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission Members, Union Public SelVice Commission Ministers of Union Territories and Executive Councillors, Delhi, outside their respective Union Thrritories Principal Staff Officers of the Armed Forces of the rank of Major General or equivalent rank Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories and Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council, outside their respective Union Territories. 26. Joint Secretaries to the Government of India and officers of equivalent rank. Officers of the rank of Major-General or equivalent rank.”
Why relevant

The snippet lists 'Principal Staff Officers of the Armed Forces of the rank of Major General or equivalent rank', showing the use of the phrase 'or equivalent rank' to align ranks across services.

How to extend

A student could look up equivalent-rank tables or precedence lists to see which Air Force and Navy ranks are typically labeled 'equivalent' to Major General.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > EI Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds > p. 80
Strength: 4/5
“Group 'A' / Class I and Group 'B' / Class II Orficers of the All India, Central and State Services; and Employees holding equivalent posts in PSUs, Banks, Insurance Organizations, Universities etc., and also in private employment. • 3. Persons who are in the «Ill k of colonel and above in the Army and equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force and the Paramilitary Forces. • 4. Professionals like doctors, lawyers, engineers, artists, authors, consultants and so on.”
Why relevant

This snippet says 'colonel and above in the Army and equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force', establishing the practice of mapping Army ranks to equivalent posts in the other services.

How to extend

One could apply this rule to 'Major General' (an Army rank above colonel) and search standard service-rank correspondences to identify the matching Air Force and Navy ranks.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 714
Strength: 4/5
“Officers of the rank of Lieutenant General or equivalent rank 25. Additional Secretaries to the Government of India Additional Solicitor General, Advocate Generals of States Chairman, Thriff Commission Charged 'Affairs and Acting High Commissioners a pied and ad interim Chief Ministers of Union Territories and Chief Executive Councillor, Delhi , outside their respective Un ion Territories Chief Secretaries of State Governments out side their respective States Deputy Comptroller and Auditor General Deputy Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories and Deput y Chairman, Delhi Metropolitan Council, outside their respective Union Territories Director, Central Bureau of Investigation Director General, Border Security Force Director General , Central Reserve Police Director, Intelligence Bureau Lieu te na n t Gove rnors o utside the ir respective Union Te rritories Members, Central Judiciary Tribunal”
Why relevant

The excerpt uses 'Officers of the rank of Lieutenant General or equivalent rank', again demonstrating that civil/military precedence groups are defined by a rank plus its equivalents across services.

How to extend

Using this pattern, a student can infer that Major General will similarly have defined equivalents (e.g., one-rank-lower than Lieutenant General) in the other services and then check service rank hierarchies to test the specific equivalence.

Statement 3
Are Major (Indian Army), Squadron Leader (Indian Air Force), and Lieutenant Commander (Indian Navy) equivalent ranks in the Indian Defence forces?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"| Major | Lieutenant Commander | Squadron Leader |"
Why this source?
  • Contains a direct three-column table mapping Army, Navy, and Air Force ranks.
  • Shows 'Major' in the Army column aligned with 'Lieutenant Commander' (Navy) and 'Squadron Leader' (Air Force).
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Major Lieutenant Commander Squadron Leader"
Why this source?
  • Lists ranks in parallel order across the three services.
  • Includes the sequence 'Major Lieutenant Commander Squadron Leader', indicating equivalence.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Major Lieutenant Commander Squadron Leader"
Why this source?
  • Provides a table of equivalent ranks across Army, Navy and Air Force.
  • Specifically groups 'Major', 'Lieutenant Commander' and 'Squadron Leader' together as corresponding ranks.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > EI Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds > p. 80
Strength: 5/5
“Group 'A' / Class I and Group 'B' / Class II Orficers of the All India, Central and State Services; and Employees holding equivalent posts in PSUs, Banks, Insurance Organizations, Universities etc., and also in private employment. • 3. Persons who are in the «Ill k of colonel and above in the Army and equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force and the Paramilitary Forces. • 4. Professionals like doctors, lawyers, engineers, artists, authors, consultants and so on.”
Why relevant

Explicitly states that military ranks are compared across services (e.g., 'rank of colonel and above in the Army and equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force...'), showing a practice of mapping equivalent ranks between Army, Navy and Air Force.

How to extend

A student could use this rule to look up official rank-equivalence tables (or a world map of service structures) to see whether Major maps to Squadron Leader and Lieutenant Commander.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 715
Strength: 4/5
“Tobie o(Precedence 21 715 Members, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission Members, Union Public SelVice Commission Ministers of Union Territories and Executive Councillors, Delhi, outside their respective Union Thrritories Principal Staff Officers of the Armed Forces of the rank of Major General or equivalent rank Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories and Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council, outside their respective Union Territories. 26. Joint Secretaries to the Government of India and officers of equivalent rank. Officers of the rank of Major-General or equivalent rank.”
Why relevant

Uses the phrase 'Officers of the rank of Major General or equivalent rank', indicating formal precedence and equivalence concepts across services are used in government protocol.

How to extend

One could extend this pattern by consulting precedence lists or protocol documents to find the equivalent lower ranks (Major, Squadron Leader, Lieutenant Commander) in the same manner.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 714
Strength: 4/5
“Officers of the rank of Lieutenant General or equivalent rank 25. Additional Secretaries to the Government of India Additional Solicitor General, Advocate Generals of States Chairman, Thriff Commission Charged 'Affairs and Acting High Commissioners a pied and ad interim Chief Ministers of Union Territories and Chief Executive Councillor, Delhi , outside their respective Un ion Territories Chief Secretaries of State Governments out side their respective States Deputy Comptroller and Auditor General Deputy Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories and Deput y Chairman, Delhi Metropolitan Council, outside their respective Union Territories Director, Central Bureau of Investigation Director General, Border Security Force Director General , Central Reserve Police Director, Intelligence Bureau Lieu te na n t Gove rnors o utside the ir respective Union Te rritories Members, Central Judiciary Tribunal”
Why relevant

Again lists 'Officers of the rank of Lieutenant General or equivalent rank', reinforcing that equivalence between Army/Navy/Air Force ranks is an established categorisation used in official lists.

How to extend

Apply this established equivalence practice to compare the named junior ranks via an official rank-correspondence chart to test the statement.

Statement 4
Are Lieutenant Colonel (Indian Army), Group Captain (Indian Air Force), and Captain (Indian Navy) equivalent ranks in the Indian Defence forces?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Captain](/wiki/Captain_(Indian_Navy) "Captain (Indian Navy)") | [Colonel](/wiki/Colonel_(India) "Colonel (India)") | [Group captain](/wiki/Group_captain_(India) "Group captain (India)")"
Why this source?
  • Provides a direct cross-branch alignment showing 'Captain (Indian Navy)', 'Colonel (India)', and 'Group captain (India)' in the same row (equivalent).
  • By showing Group Captain = Navy Captain = Army Colonel, it implies Lieutenant Colonel is not in the same equivalence group.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"| Colonel | Captain (IN) | Group Captain | | Lieutenant Colonel | Commander | Wing Commander |"
Why this source?
  • Tabular mapping shows '| Colonel | Captain (IN) | Group Captain |', confirming Group Captain ≈ Navy Captain ≈ Army Colonel.
  • The table also shows '| Lieutenant Colonel | Commander | Wing Commander |', indicating Lieutenant Colonel corresponds to Commander/Wing Commander (not Group Captain/Captain).

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > EI Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds > p. 80
Strength: 5/5
“Group 'A' / Class I and Group 'B' / Class II Orficers of the All India, Central and State Services; and Employees holding equivalent posts in PSUs, Banks, Insurance Organizations, Universities etc., and also in private employment. • 3. Persons who are in the «Ill k of colonel and above in the Army and equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force and the Paramilitary Forces. • 4. Professionals like doctors, lawyers, engineers, artists, authors, consultants and so on.”
Why relevant

Explicitly uses the phrase 'equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force' when referring to an Army rank (colonel and above), showing that equivalence across services is a recognized concept.

How to extend

A student could consult an official cross-service rank equivalence table (or the services' rank hierarchies) and compare where Lieutenant Colonel, Group Captain and Navy Captain fall to judge equivalence.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 714
Strength: 4/5
“Officers of the rank of Lieutenant General or equivalent rank 25. Additional Secretaries to the Government of India Additional Solicitor General, Advocate Generals of States Chairman, Thriff Commission Charged 'Affairs and Acting High Commissioners a pied and ad interim Chief Ministers of Union Territories and Chief Executive Councillor, Delhi , outside their respective Un ion Territories Chief Secretaries of State Governments out side their respective States Deputy Comptroller and Auditor General Deputy Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories and Deput y Chairman, Delhi Metropolitan Council, outside their respective Union Territories Director, Central Bureau of Investigation Director General, Border Security Force Director General , Central Reserve Police Director, Intelligence Bureau Lieu te na n t Gove rnors o utside the ir respective Union Te rritories Members, Central Judiciary Tribunal”
Why relevant

Lists 'Lieutenant General or equivalent rank' in cross-institutional precedence, illustrating that specific Army ranks have named equivalents in other services for protocol and precedence.

How to extend

Use this pattern (one service rank mapped to 'equivalent rank') to look up the corresponding ranks for Lieutenant Colonel/Group Captain/Captain in official precedence or government documents.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 715
Strength: 4/5
“Tobie o(Precedence 21 715 Members, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission Members, Union Public SelVice Commission Ministers of Union Territories and Executive Councillors, Delhi, outside their respective Union Thrritories Principal Staff Officers of the Armed Forces of the rank of Major General or equivalent rank Speakers of Legislative Assemblies in Union Territories and Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council, outside their respective Union Territories. 26. Joint Secretaries to the Government of India and officers of equivalent rank. Officers of the rank of Major-General or equivalent rank.”
Why relevant

Mentions 'Major-General or equivalent rank' alongside civil service grades, again showing routine official pairing of an Army rank with 'equivalent' counterparts elsewhere.

How to extend

Apply the same approach: find the official equivalence used for Major-General and then find the similar listing for Lieutenant Colonel to see cross-service alignment.

Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 8: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > Scope of the Writs: I. Habeas corpus. > p. 160
Strength: 2/5
“INTRODUCTION TO THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA [CHAP. 8] Police Forces or intelligence organisations so as to ensure proper discharge of their duties and maintenance of discipline amongst them [Article 33].<sup>38'</sup> In exercise of this power, Parliament has enacted the Army and Air Force Acts of 1950 and the Navy Act, 1957, which empower the Central Government to make Rules restricting the Fundamental Rights of the defence personnel, for the sake of discipline—which is absolutely essential to maintain the security of India A similar instance was the claim of a section of Muslims to postpone the elections fixed for February, 1995, on the ground of Ramzan.”
Why relevant

Notes that separate Acts (Army and Air Force Acts, Navy Act) govern each service and that Parliament may restrict rights for discipline—implying distinct service structures even while equivalence schemes exist for administrative/disciplinary purposes.

How to extend

Recognize that although services are legally distinct, official documents (acts, rules, precedence lists) often provide cross-service rank equivalences which a student can consult.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > UNION LIST (LIST-I) > p. 708
Strength: 2/5
“t UNION LIST (LIST-I) • 1. Defence of India • 2. Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union • 2A. Deployment of any armed force of the Union in any state in aid of the civil power • 3. Cantonment areas and local self-govern. ment in such areas • 4. Naval, military and air force works • 5. Arms, firearms, ammunition, and explosives • 6. Atomic energy and mineral resources necessary for its production • 7. Defence industries • 8. Central Bureau of Intelligence and investigation • 23. National highways • 24. Shipping and navigation on national waterways • 25.”
Why relevant

Groups 'Naval, military and air forces' together under the Union List, indicating central coordination of all three services and supporting the existence of unified frameworks (e.g., precedence or equivalence) across them.

How to extend

From this, a student could infer central government publications (President's Secretariat, Ministry of Defence) are likely sources for formal rank equivalences to check the statement.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC is moving towards 'State Literacy'. Beyond constitutional posts, you are expected to recognize the rank and file of the executive machinery (Police, Army, Civil Services) and how they equate to each other.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Bouncer (for civilians) / Sitter (for defence aspirants). Source: General Knowledge / Defence Yearbooks (Not in Laxmikanth).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: GS3 Internal Security > Various Security Forces and their Mandate (Structure & Hierarchy).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: 1. The 'Captain' Paradox (Army Captain is junior; Navy Captain is senior). 2. The 'Flag Officer' threshold (Brigadier = Commodore = Air Commodore). 3. 5-Star Honorary Ranks (Field Marshal vs Marshal of IAF). 4. Theatre Command HQs (e.g., Northern=Udhampur).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not memorize the entire 10-row table. Memorize the 'Anchors': The Chiefs (4-star), the Flag Officers (1-star start), and the confusing terms (Captain/Commander). If you know 'Commodore' is the Navy's Brigadier, Option 1 is eliminated immediately.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Inter-service rank equivalence
💡 The insight

Military ranks in the Army, Navy and Air Force have corresponding equivalent ranks across the services.

High-yield for UPSC questions on defence structure and protocol: understanding equivalence helps answer questions on precedence, appointments, pay scales and civilian interaction. It connects to topics on civil-military relations, pay/allowances and official precedence, and enables mapping rank-based authorities across services.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > EI Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds > p. 80
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 715
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 714
🔗 Anchor: "Are Brigadier (Indian Army), Air Commodore (Indian Air Force), and Commander (In..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 President as Supreme Commander
💡 The insight

The President holds the supreme command of the Defence Forces and appoints the chiefs of Army, Navy and Air Force.

Essential constitutional knowledge for UPSC mains and prelims. It links executive authority, defence administration and appointments of service leadership, and supports questions on separation of powers and civil control of the military.

📚 Reading List :
  • Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 18: President > Milit ary Powers > p. 191
  • Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 11: The Union Executive > 2. Powers and Duties of the President > p. 213
🔗 Anchor: "Are Brigadier (Indian Army), Air Commodore (Indian Air Force), and Commander (In..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Legal regulation of defence forces and discipline
💡 The insight

Parliament can regulate exercise of the President's military powers and has enacted service Acts that govern discipline of defence personnel.

Important for questions on constitutional law and security: explains how military functioning is subject to statutory law, links to Articles limiting executive action, and aids answers on military justice, discipline and legislative oversight.

📚 Reading List :
  • Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 11: The Union Executive > 2. Powers and Duties of the President > p. 213
  • Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 8: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES > Scope of the Writs: I. Habeas corpus. > p. 160
🔗 Anchor: "Are Brigadier (Indian Army), Air Commodore (Indian Air Force), and Commander (In..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Cross-service rank equivalence
💡 The insight

Military ranks in one service have corresponding 'equivalent' ranks in the other services.

High-yield for questions on protocol, pay/grade matching, and inter-service appointments; it links defence organisation to lists of precedence and helps answer queries about equivalence without memorising every pair. Enables elimination-style answers in MCQs about rank parity and protocol.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > EI Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds > p. 80
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 715
🔗 Anchor: "Are Major General (Indian Army), Air Vice Marshal (Indian Air Force), and Vice A..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Military ranks in official precedence and appointments
💡 The insight

Specific military ranks are used in formal precedence lists and in appointment/appointment-authority contexts (e.g., chiefs appointed by the President).

Important for polity and administration questions on presidential powers, appointments, and formal precedence; connects constitutional powers to practical appointment of senior officers and protocol tables.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 18: President > Milit ary Powers > p. 191
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 715
🔗 Anchor: "Are Major General (Indian Army), Air Vice Marshal (Indian Air Force), and Vice A..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Mapping military grades to civilian posts
💡 The insight

Military ranks are mapped to equivalent civilian grades for precedence and administrative categorisation.

Useful for UPSC questions linking civil-military relations, pay-matrix/grades, and precedence; helps answer comparative questions on status of officers vis-à-vis civil services and in combined lists of officials.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 714
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 715
🔗 Anchor: "Are Major General (Indian Army), Air Vice Marshal (Indian Air Force), and Vice A..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Equivalence of ranks across Army, Navy and Air Force
💡 The insight

Different services use distinct rank titles but maintain corresponding ranks across the Army, Navy and Air Force.

High-yield for protocol and comparative questions about military hierarchy; helps link questions on appointments and equivalence across services and supports answering questions on relative seniority and pay scales.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 8: Fundamental Rights > EI Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds > p. 80
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > 714 P Indian Polity > p. 715
🔗 Anchor: "Are Major (Indian Army), Squadron Leader (Indian Air Force), and Lieutenant Comm..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The next logical question is the equivalence between Armed Forces and IPS/CAPF ranks. Prediction: DGP ≈ Lt. General (3-Star); IG ≈ Major General (2-Star); DIG ≈ Brigadier (1-Star).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Captain Inversion' Hack: In the Army, a 'Captain' is a junior officer (20s). In the Navy, a 'Captain' is a senior officer (40s, equivalent to Colonel). In Pair 4, 'Lt Colonel' (Army) is matched with 'Captain' (Navy). Since Lt Col is below Colonel, and Navy Captain IS Colonel-level, the match is impossible.

🔗 Mains Connection

GS2/GS3 Civil-Military Relations: The 'Warrant of Precedence' controversy. Understanding these ranks explains the friction regarding 'Non-Functional Upgrade (NFU)' and why the military resists equivalence with lower civilian pay-grades.

✓ Thank you! We'll review this.

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

CDS-I · 2018 · Q84 Relevance score: 4.08

Which one of the following is not a correct ascending order of commissioned ranks in the defence forces of India?

CAPF · 2020 · Q38 Relevance score: 3.25

Which one among the following is the equivalent rank of ‘Wing Commander’ of Indian Air Force in Indian Army ?

CAPF · 2015 · Q17 Relevance score: 2.66

The equivalent rank of Commodore of Indian Navy in the Indian Army is :

CDS-I · 2017 · Q104 Relevance score: 2.16

The rank of Captain of the Indian Navy is equivalent to which one of the following?

IAS · 2025 · Q84 Relevance score: 1.82

With reference to India's defence, consider the following pairs : I. Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraft II. IL-76 : Supersonic combat aircraft III. C-17 Globe-master III : Military transport aircraft How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?