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Q84 (IAS/2025) Science & Technology › Space & Defence Technology › Military aircraft systems Answer Verified

With reference to India's defence, consider the following pairs : I. Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraft II. IL-76 : Supersonic combat aircraft III. C-17 Globe-master III : Military transport aircraft How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The Dornier 228 is used by India for patrol and surveillance/reconnaissance operations[2], confirming it is a maritime patrol aircraft. Therefore, pair I is correctly matched.

The IL-76 (Ilyushin Il-76) is used by the Indian Air Force for strategic[4] airlift operations and is classified as a strategic airlifter[3], not a supersonic combat aircraft. It is a standard Soviet-Russian strategic-level transport aircraft[5]. Therefore, pair II is incorrectly matched.

The C-17 is listed among military platforms used by India along with other aircraft[6], and it is indeed a military transport aircraft (the C-17 Globemaster III is a well-known strategic airlifter). Therefore, pair III is correctly matched.

Since pairs I and III are correct while pair II is incorrect, only two pairs are correctly matched.

Sources
  1. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft
  2. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft
  3. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force
  4. [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft
  5. [6] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > INDIA'S ROLE IN WORLD AFFAIRS > p. 59
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PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. With reference to India's defence, consider the following pairs : I. Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraft II. IL-76 : Supersonic comb…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 3.3/10 · 6.7/10

This is a classic 'Functional Mismatch' trap. UPSC tests if you can distinguish a 'truck' (Transport) from a 'racecar' (Combat). While C-17 is in standard books like Majid Husain, the IL-76 statement relies on basic defence awareness—knowing that a heavy lifter cannot be a supersonic fighter.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
With reference to India's defence: Is the Dornier-228 classified and operated as a maritime patrol aircraft?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"[Dornier 228](/wiki/Dornier_228 "Dornier 228") | Germany / India[[a]](#cite_note-HAL-33) | [Patrol](/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft "Maritime patrol aircraft") / [Surveillance](/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft "Surveillance aircraft") | [228-201](/wiki/Dornier_228#Hindustan_228 "Dornier 228") | 29[[41]](#cite_note-WAF-42) | 6 on order[[96]](#cite_note-100)"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly lists the Dornier 228 under the Indian military aircraft inventory with the role 'Patrol / Surveillance'.
  • Includes the Indian variant (228-201) and the number in service, indicating it is operated by India in that role.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"[Dornier 228](/wiki/Dornier_228 "Dornier 228") | Germany / India[[a]](#cite_note-HAL-33) | [Patrol](/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft "Maritime patrol aircraft") / [Reconnaissance](/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft "Reconnaissance aircraft") | [228-101/201](/wiki/Dornier_228#Hindustan_228 "Dornier 228")[[108]](#cite_note-112) | 39[[17]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2024270-17) | Includes 2 upgraded in 2024[[109]](#cite_note-113)"
Why this source?
  • Shows the Dornier 228 in the active Indian military aircraft list with the role 'Patrol / Reconnaissance', i.e. a maritime patrol role.
  • Specifies Indian variants (228-101/201) and numbers in service, demonstrating operation by India.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > various parts of India. Some of these flights operate between India and the Gulf countries. > p. 32
Strength: 5/5
“Indian Airlines: Indian Airlines was set up under the Air Corporation Act, 1953 with an initial capital of Rs. 3.25 crore with its headquarters at Delhi. The India Airlines is the major domestic air carrier of the country. The Indian Airlines operates to 55 domestic stations alongwith its wholly-owned subsidiary Airlines, Allied Services Ltd. (Alliance Air). Besides Indian Airlines also operates to 18 international stations. The Indian Airlines presently has a fleet of 73 aircrafts comprising 03 Airbus, A-300s; 48 Airbus, A-320s, 5 Airbus, A-319s; 11 Boeing 737s; 18 Dornier DO-228; and 04 ATR-42-320. All B-737 and ATR aircrafts are operated by Alliance Air.”
Why relevant

Lists Dornier DO-228 among Indian Airlines' fleet, showing the type exists in Indian civil aviation service.

How to extend

A student could note that an aircraft type used civilly often has multiple variants (civil/military) and look up whether military versions or maritime variants of the DO-228 exist or are procured by defence services.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Civil Aviation > p. 30
Strength: 4/5
“The Airport Authority of India (AAI), constituted on 1 April 1995, operates upon 127 airports including civil enclave and defence airfields for Commercial Airlines operations. The Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for the formulation of national policies and programmes for the development and regulation of civil aviation and for the devising and implementing of schemes for an orderly growth and expansion of civil air transport. Its functions also extend to overseeing the provision of airport facilities, air traffic services, carriage of passengers and goods by air, safeguarding civil aviation operations, regulation of air transport services, licensing of aerodromes, air carriers, pilots, and aircraft maintenance engineers.”
Why relevant

Explains Airport Authority of India operates both civil enclaves and defence airfields, indicating aircraft of a given type can be operated in civil or defence roles.

How to extend

Combine this with knowledge of where Dornier-228s are based to check whether any are assigned to defence airfields (suggesting military/maritime use).

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > Sagarmala Project: > p. 419
Strength: 4/5
“Background: India is richly endowed with natural maritime advantages, with a 7,500 km coastline covering 13 states and UTs, a strategic location on key international trade routes and 14,500 km of navigable and potentially navigable waterways. Maritime logistics has been an important component of the Indian economy, accounting for 90% of EXIM trade by volume. A robust maritime logistics sector with modern and efficient port infrastructure can be a strong catalyst of economic growth. In India, the planning of industrial clusters and zones have not adequately taken into account proximity to ports because of which the port land has not been adequately utilized for setting up industries and manufacturing.”
Why relevant

Describes India's extensive coastline and strategic maritime location, implying a practical need for maritime patrol capabilities.

How to extend

Given the maritime security requirement, a student could investigate which small aircraft types (e.g., light turboprops like the DO-228) are typically used for maritime patrol and whether India equips DO-228s for that role.

Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 35: TABLES > List III-Concurrent List. > p. 548
Strength: 3/5
“1. Defence of India and every part thereof, including preparation for defence and all such acts any naval, military or air force or any other armed as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective the control of the Union or of any contingent or demobilisation. 2. Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union. [2A. Deployment of any armed force of the Union or ary other force subject to the control of the Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State in aid of the civil power; powers, jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the members of such forces while on such deployment.] 3.”
Why relevant

Defines 'Defence of India' and explicitly lists naval, military and air forces, highlighting that maritime (naval) surveillance is a defence responsibility.

How to extend

A student could use this to justify checking defence procurement records or service inventories (Navy/Coast Guard) for DO-228 maritime patrol variants.

Statement 2
With reference to India's defence: Is the Ilyushin IL-76 classified as a supersonic combat aircraft?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"17 units IL-76MD (Ilyushin Il-76 (Candid)) Role: Strategic Transp. The Ilyushin Il-76 is standard Soviet-Russian strategic-level transport aircraft. The design is granted exceptional range due to its quadruple engine layout. The deep hold can ferry cargo, troops, and vehicles across the globe."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly labels the type and role: 'IL-76MD ... Role: Strategic Transp.' — showing it is a transport platform.
  • Describes the Il-76 as a 'strategic-level transport aircraft' used to ferry cargo, troops and vehicles, which is inconsistent with being a supersonic combat aircraft.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"For strategic airlift operations, the IAF uses the Ilyushin Il-76, known as Gajraj (Hindi for King Elephant) in Indian service."
Why this source?
  • States the Il-76 is used 'for strategic airlift operations' by the IAF, identifying it as a transport aircraft in Indian service.
  • An airlift/transport role directly contradicts classification as a supersonic combat aircraft.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Ilyushin Il-76 | Soviet Union | [Strategic airlifter] | Il-76MD | 17"
Why this source?
  • Tabular entry lists the Ilyushin Il-76 with role '[Strategic airlifter]', confirming its transport classification in active Indian military inventory.
  • Being listed as a strategic airlifter is not compatible with being a supersonic combat aircraft.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > Challenges faced by the "Make in India" Initiative > p. 231
Strength: 4/5
“Successful Examples of Make in India: Manufacturing of railway coaches (Indian Coach Factory Chennai, Rail Coach Factory Kapurthala), defence manufacturing (HAL Tejas Light Combat Aircraft), mobile phone manufacturing (Samsung mobile factory in Noida) and automobiles (India is set to become the world's 3rd largest auto market by 2021) are quite successful examples of make in India initiative. Defence Manufacturing: India is among top 5 military spenders and one of the emerging defence manufacturing hubs in the world. To support the growth of the defence sector and enhance manufacturing capacity in the sector, two Defence Industrial Corridors are being set up in India, one in Uttar Pradesh and the other in Tamil Nadu.”
Why relevant

Mentions 'HAL Tejas Light Combat Aircraft' as an example of defence manufacturing, distinguishing a class called 'Light Combat Aircraft' (i.e., combat aircraft) within defence sector examples.

How to extend

A student can use this pattern (combat aircraft = category name) to check whether the IL-76 is listed as a combat aircraft or in a different category (e.g., transport) in standard aircraft reference sources.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Security > p. 792
Strength: 5/5
“A fragmentation bomb would have flattened the structures that would have been easier to present as evidence, it said. The Balakot airstrike pushed India and Pakistan to the brink of an armed conflict. Pakistan Air Force attempted retaliatory strikes on February 27, 2019. The IAF scrambled its fighter jets in response, leading to a dogfight between the Indian and Pakistani jets in the skies over Jammu and Kashmir. An IAF MiG-21 Bison fighter jet shot down a Pakistani F-16 during the dogfight. But the MiG too was shot down and its pilot, Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman, was captured by Pakistani forces.”
Why relevant

Provides a concrete example of a fighter jet (MiG-21 Bison) used in combat operations, implying that fighter/combat jets are the type that engage in dogfights and are often supersonic.

How to extend

A student can compare the role and typical speed class of MiG-21-style fighters with the IL-76 by consulting basic aircraft role descriptions to see if IL-76 matches 'fighter/supersonic' characteristics.

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Fig. 7.15: An Aeroplane at Salsburg Airport > p. 66
Strength: 5/5
“Today, more than 250 commercial airlines offer regular services to different parts of the world. Recent developments can change the future course of air transport. Supersonic aircraft, cover the distance between London and New York within three and a half hours.”
Why relevant

Defines supersonic aircraft by capability (examples: supersonic aircraft cover long distances much faster), giving a functional clue about what 'supersonic' means in aviation context.

How to extend

A student can use this definition to test whether the IL-76's stated cruise/maximum speeds (from an external technical source) meet the supersonic threshold.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Air Sewa > p. 31
Strength: 4/5
“Air India: The Air India was constituted in 1947, after which the Air India International launched its first service to London via Cairo and Geneva on 8 June, 1948 with Constellation aircraft. In 1952, the Planning Commission recommended the nationalisation of Air Transport Industry which was effected in March 1953 with the creation of nationalised Corporations—Air India International Limited, which retained its identity and international flag carrier status; and the Indian Airlines, to operate domestic services. Fleet: Air India owns a fleet of 16 aircrafts consisting of six B747-400, two B747- 300, and eight A-310-300. In addition, Air India has inducted six B747-400, eleven A310-300, and four B777-222 on dry lease basis, taking the total number of aircrafts in Air India to 37.”
Why relevant

Lists the kinds of large passenger/transport aircraft used by Air India (B747, A310, etc.), indicating a recognizable class of large subsonic transport/airliner aircraft distinct from combat fighters.

How to extend

A student can use this distinction to ask whether the IL-76 is more similar in role/size to these transports or to fighter jets like the MiG-21, helping eliminate or support the 'supersonic combat' label.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Civil Aviation > p. 30
Strength: 3/5
“The Airport Authority of India (AAI), constituted on 1 April 1995, operates upon 127 airports including civil enclave and defence airfields for Commercial Airlines operations. The Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for the formulation of national policies and programmes for the development and regulation of civil aviation and for the devising and implementing of schemes for an orderly growth and expansion of civil air transport. Its functions also extend to overseeing the provision of airport facilities, air traffic services, carriage of passengers and goods by air, safeguarding civil aviation operations, regulation of air transport services, licensing of aerodromes, air carriers, pilots, and aircraft maintenance engineers.”
Why relevant

Describes civil aviation roles and fleet types (airport authority, carriers, licensing), underscoring that aircraft are classified by role (civil transport vs military combat).

How to extend

A student can extend this role-based classification to check authoritative lists/classifications to see whether IL-76 is catalogued as a military transport or as a combat/supersonic aircraft.

Statement 3
With reference to India's defence: Is the C-17 Globemaster III classified and operated as a military transport aircraft?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > INDIA'S ROLE IN WORLD AFFAIRS > p. 59
Presence: 4/5
“In India, attention is being given to climate modeling for a better understanding of climate. The first trilateral meeting between India, Iran and Afghanistan of the Coordination Council of Chabahar Agreement was held in Tehran in 2016. It entailed the transit and transport corridor among the three nations. India and U.S. signed Communications Compatibility and Security agreement in order to strengthen the bilateral military partnership in the defence sector. High end secured communication equipment shall be installed on the military platforms (C-130 J, C-17, P-81, Apache and Chinook). India and China signed an agreement on May 9, 2019, with the purpose of MoU being SPS protocol for export of Indian Chilli meal to”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly lists 'C-17' among military platforms used by India.
  • Context about installing secured communication equipment on those platforms implies active military use and operation.
Pattern takeaway: UPSC creates difficulty by swapping adjectives. They labeled a heavy, subsonic cargo plane (IL-76) as 'Supersonic Combat'. The pattern is to verify the *nature* of the asset, not just its existence.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Manageable / Logical Trap. The C-17 is directly in Majid Husain (Ch 16), but the IL-76 statement is the real key—it's a 'Common Sense' eliminator for serious aspirants.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Defence Technology > Indian Air Force Inventory > Classification by Role (Combat vs. Transport vs. Surveillance).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Big 4' categories: 1. Fighters (Rafale, Su-30MKI, Tejas, MiG-29); 2. Transports (C-17, C-130J, IL-76, C-295); 3. Helicopters (Apache-Attack, Chinook-Heavy Lift, Dhruv-Utility); 4. Surveillance (P-8I Poseidon, Netra AEW&C).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not just read news about 'deals'. Create a simple 3-column table: [Platform Name] | [Origin Country] | [Primary Function]. The exam swaps the 'Function' column to create traps.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Dornier DO-228 as part of Indian civil fleet
💡 The insight

Indian Airlines' fleet listing includes 18 Dornier DO-228 aircraft, showing clear civil operation of this type in India.

High-yield for UPSC as it trains aspirants to distinguish between civilian fleet composition and military roles; helps eliminate incorrect assertions that a type is solely military when evidence shows civil operation. Connects to questions on civil aviation assets, fleet management and inter-ministerial roles.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > various parts of India. Some of these flights operate between India and the Gulf countries. > p. 32
🔗 Anchor: "With reference to India's defence: Is the Dornier-228 classified and operated as..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Administrative separation: Civil aviation institutions vs defence
💡 The insight

The Airport Authority of India and Ministry of Civil Aviation manage civil airports and aviation policy, while defence responsibilities include armed forces and air force functions.

Important for UPSC because classification and operation of aircraft can depend on whether they fall under civil or defence administration; mastering this helps answer questions on governance, jurisdiction and asset roles across ministries.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Civil Aviation > p. 30
  • Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 35: TABLES > List III-Concurrent List. > p. 548
🔗 Anchor: "With reference to India's defence: Is the Dornier-228 classified and operated as..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Supersonic aircraft vs subsonic transport
💡 The insight

Supersonic aircraft provide very high-speed long‑distance travel (example reference to transatlantic supersonic travel), which is the key property invoked by the phrase 'supersonic'.

High-yield for UPSC because speed categories (supersonic vs subsonic) determine an aircraft's role and capabilities; connects to questions on aviation technology, defence logistics, and platform capabilities. Mastering this helps answer classification and capability-based questions about specific aircraft.

📚 Reading List :
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Fig. 7.15: An Aeroplane at Salsburg Airport > p. 66
🔗 Anchor: "With reference to India's defence: Is the Ilyushin IL-76 classified as a superso..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Combat aircraft versus transport aircraft (role-based classification)
💡 The insight

Combat aircraft are designed for fighting (example: Light Combat Aircraft), whereas transport aircraft perform logistical and troop/equipment movement roles; knowing role distinctions is necessary to classify an aircraft like the IL-76.

Essential for UPSC because many defence questions require distinguishing platform roles (fighter, bomber, transport, tanker); links to defence procurement, indigenisation, and operational employment topics. Helps in eliminative reasoning on statements claiming a platform is a 'combat' type.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > Challenges faced by the "Make in India" Initiative > p. 231
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Civil Aviation > p. 30
🔗 Anchor: "With reference to India's defence: Is the Ilyushin IL-76 classified as a superso..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Civil versus defence aviation infrastructure and fleets
💡 The insight

Civil aviation fleet composition and the institutional separation of civil enclaves and defence airfields illustrate the operational separation between civilian and military aviation assets.

Useful for UPSC aspirants to contextualise where different aircraft operate (civil airports vs defence airfields), informing questions on basing, logistics, and fleet roles; connects civil aviation policy to defence planning and infrastructure questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Air Sewa > p. 31
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Civil Aviation > p. 30
🔗 Anchor: "With reference to India's defence: Is the Ilyushin IL-76 classified as a superso..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Military transport aircraft inventory
💡 The insight

Classification and operation of platforms such as the C-17 fall under the concept of military transport aircraft in India's inventory.

High-yield for defence questions: helps identify roles (transport, tanker, fighter, recon) of specific aircraft and assess strategic airlift capability; links to logistics, force projection, and disaster relief scenarios that UPSC may ask about.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > INDIA'S ROLE IN WORLD AFFAIRS > p. 59
🔗 Anchor: "With reference to India's defence: Is the C-17 Globemaster III classified and op..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Civil vs military aviation roles and authorities
💡 The insight

Distinguishing civil aviation administration from military platforms clarifies whether an aircraft is operated as a military asset or a civil airliner.

Important for questions on aviation policy and infrastructure: enables clear answers about jurisdiction (AAI/Ministry of Civil Aviation) versus defence operations and airbases; useful in interdisciplinary questions on security and infrastructure.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Civil Aviation > p. 30
🔗 Anchor: "With reference to India's defence: Is the C-17 Globemaster III classified and op..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Since C-17 and Dornier were asked, the next logical target is the **C-295** (replacing the Avro HS-748) or the **P-8I Poseidon** (specifically its anti-submarine warfare capability). Also, watch out for **S-400** being confused with an aircraft (it is a Surface-to-Air Missile system).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Apply the 'Physics of Adjectives'. 'Supersonic' means faster than sound. This requires a sleek, aerodynamic design (like a fighter jet). The IL-76 is a massive strategic lifter (a flying truck). Physics dictates that heavy cargo planes are almost never supersonic. If you visualize the plane, the statement 'IL-76 : Supersonic' becomes an obvious absurdity.

🔗 Mains Connection

Link this to **GS-3 Internal Security & Disaster Management**. Strategic airlift assets like C-17 and IL-76 are critical not just for war, but for **HADR (Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief)** and rapid troop mobilization to borders (e.g., Ladakh standoff).

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