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Q38 (IAS/2025) Environment & Ecology › Climate Change & Global Initiatives › Greenhouse gas emissions Answer Verified

Consider the following statements: 1. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in India are less than 0.5 t CO₂/capita. 2. In terms of CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion, India ranks second in Asia-Pacific region. 3. Electricity and heat producers are the largest sources of CO₂ emissions in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The correct answer is option C (Statements II and III only).

**Statement I is incorrect:** India's per capita CO₂ emissions are not less than 0.5 t CO₂/capita. According to recent data, India's per capita emissions are higher than this threshold, though still significantly lower than many developed nations and even some Asia-Pacific countries like China and Australia.

**Statement II is correct:** The Asia-Pacific region accounts for more than 62 per cent of CO₂ emissions[1] from fuel combustion, and within this region, China is the largest emitter followed by India. India therefore ranks second in the Asia-Pacific region for CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion.

**Statement III is correct:** Across all sectors, electricity and heat production are the largest sources—contributing about 40% of emissions—followed by manufacturing (18%); agriculture, land use change, and forestry (13%); and transport (about 6%)[2]. This pattern holds true for India as part of the Asia-Pacific region, making electricity and heat producers the largest source of CO₂ emissions.

Therefore, only statements II and III are correct.

Sources
  1. [1] https://repository.unescap.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12870/6369/ESCAP-2023-FS-Closing-gap-SDG-7-Asia-Pacific-Region.pdf?sequence=3
  2. [2] https://library.sprep.org/sites/default/files/2025-07/energy-transition-readiness-developing-asia-pacific.pdf
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following statements: 1. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in India are less than 0.5 t CO₂/capita. 2. In terms of CO₂ emissio…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 0/10
You're seeing a guest preview. The Verdict and first statement analysis are open. Login with Google to unlock all tabs.

This question tests your 'Order of Magnitude' sense rather than rote memorization. Statement 1 is a trap designed to be eliminated by basic NCERT reading (which cites 0.9t in 2000). Statement 3 is a structural reality of the Indian economy (Coal is King). If you know India isn't an LDC (0.5t is extremely low), the answer reveals itself.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Are India's per capita carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions less than 0.5 t CO₂ per capita?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Environment and Natural Resources > SACRED GROVES IN INDIA > p. 90
Strength: 5/5
“India is wary of recent discussions within UNFCCC about introducing binding commitments on rapidly industrialising countries (such as Brazil, China and India) to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. India feels this contravenes the very spirit of UNFCCC. Neither does it seem fair to impose restrictions on India when the country's rise in per capita carbon emissions by 2030 is likely to still represent less than half the world average of 3.8 tonnes in 2000. Indian emissions are predicted to rise from 0.9 tonnes per capita in 2000 to 1.6 tonnes per capita in 2030. The Indian government is already participating in global efforts through a number of programmes.”
Why relevant

Gives explicit historical and projected per‑capita CO₂ figures for India (0.9 t in 2000, projected 1.6 t in 2030) and a world average (3.8 t in 2000).

How to extend

A student can compare these India figures with a contemporary world average per‑capita CO₂ (from a reputable source) to judge whether India is below 0.5 t today or has risen above it.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > v) rebates > p. 56
Strength: 4/5
“An examination of Table 6.2 show that the maximum quantity of Carbon dioxide is emitted in U.S.A. where it is 20 metric tonnes per head per annum followed by Russia (11.75 metric tonnes), Japan 9.90 and European Union (9.50 metric tonnes). Te per head per annum emission in China is about 3.60 metric tonnes, while in India it is only one metric tonne per head per annum.”
Why relevant

States a simple per‑head CO₂ number for India: 'only one metric tonne per head per annum.'

How to extend

Treat this as an example estimate to test against current official national CO₂ per‑capita statistics to see if India is above or below 0.5 t.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > carBon dEBt. > p. 54
Strength: 4/5
“Inequalities in terms of carbon emissions between the developed and the developing countries are huge. For example, the US citizen produces seven tons of carbon gas a year, while an Indian citizen barely reaches 0.5 tons. Energy consumption in developed countries is almost exclusively based on the burning of fossil fuels, resulting in large emissions of carbon-dioxide (CO2) – the gas mainly responsible for the greenhouse efect and, therefore, for climate change. Such pollution has global consequences, and is considered responsible for the increased strength and frequency of extreme natural events such as foods and long droughts. Tese natural disasters mainly afect those countries situated in the tropics and with poor infrastructure, despite their limited contribution to the overall carbon problem.”
Why relevant

Provides a contrasting example claim that an Indian citizen 'barely reaches 0.5 tons,' highlighting that some sources place India near the 0.5 t threshold.

How to extend

A student could use this as a hypothesis that India ≈0.5 t and seek recent time‑series data to confirm whether India is below 0.5 t now or has surpassed it.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 23: India and Climate Change > 23.1.INDI.6fS POSITION ON CLIMATE CHANGE > p. 299
Strength: 4/5
“23.1.INDI.AS POSITION ON CLIMATE CHANGE • r Indias share of world population is 70%. but the country's share in cumulative historical emissions is just 3.37% and even the current annual emissions are only 7% of global emissions, and the per capita emissions are about a third of the global average,• r India emitted 3.9 billion metric tons of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases in 2019.• .”
Why relevant

Notes India’s per‑capita emissions are 'about a third of the global average' and gives India's total emissions (3.9 billion tCO2e in 2019), linking per‑capita fractions to global averages.

How to extend

If the student knows/looks up the global per‑capita CO₂ value, they can multiply by ~1/3 to estimate India’s per‑capita figure and compare to 0.5 t.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > 14.13 Oil and Gas Sector > p. 433
Strength: 3/5
“As per Economic Survey 2019-20, India is the third largest energy consumer in the world after USA and China. However, India's oil production is one of the lowest among the major economies of the world and has been declining over a period of time. Presently, Energy Consumption per Capita in India is just 30% of the world average.”
Why relevant

States India’s energy consumption per capita is 'just 30% of the world average,' implying lower fossil‑fuel use per person and thus lower per‑capita CO₂ relative to the world average.

How to extend

A student can combine this percentage with a known world per‑capita CO₂ figure to approximate India's per‑capita emissions and test the 0.5 t threshold.

Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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