Consider the following pairs: I. Cassava - Woody shrub II. Ginger - Herb with pseudostem III. Malabar spinach - Herbaceous climber IV. Mint - Annual shrub V. Papaya - Woody shrub How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Gives explicit definitions distinguishing 'shrub' as a woody perennial with persistent woody stem vs 'herb' with green tender stems and limited height.

A student can compare cassava's stem and perennial/woody habit (from botanical sources or field observations) to this definition to judge if it fits 'woody shrub'.

Lists cassava (tapioca) among 'starch crops or tuber crops', implying its importance as an underground storage organ crop rather than being characterized by woody stems.

Knowing tuber crops typically have herbaceous above-ground parts, a student could infer cassava may be non-woody and check that against the shrub definition.

Groups 'Cassava' with other tropical tuber crops, providing an example class (tuber crops) often having non-woody, storage-root/organ biology.

A student could use the general biology of tropical tuber crops (above-ground herbs with storage roots) to hypothesize cassava is not a woody shrub and then verify with a botanical description or image.

Describes 'cryptophytes' that bear buds as bulbs and tubers buried in soil which produce aerial shoots—an example pattern linking tubers to renewed herbaceous shoots rather than persistent woody stems.

By noting cassava produces storage roots/tubers, a student can extend the cryptophyte pattern to anticipate herbaceous shoot regrowth (not woody perennial stems) and check cassava's growth form accordingly.

Gives a clear definition of 'herb' (green, tender stem, usually <1 m), a category into which ginger is commonly placed in school texts.

A student can use this definition plus measurements/observations of ginger plants (height, stem woodiness) to judge whether ginger fits the herb category.

Lists ginger alongside other spices/herbs, indicating its treatment as a herb/spice in agricultural/educational contexts.

Combine this classification with the herb definition (snippet 3) to support investigating ginger's herbaceous growth form.

Describes ginger as an ancient spice with wide cultivation and uses, reinforcing its identity as a non-woody, cultivated spice plant.

Use this horticultural context to look up or observe ginger's vegetative structure (leaf bases, shoots) to see if it is herbaceous and forms a pseudostem.

Shows ginger is propagated from a 'piece of ginger' (rhizome), implying it has an underground stem/tuberous structure from which shoots arise.

A student can connect rhizome-origin shoots to above-ground leafy shoots formed from clustered leaf bases—an arrangement that in similar plants produces a pseudostem-like appearance.

Explains the cryptophyte pattern: plants with subterranean bulbs/tubers give rise to shoots from those underground organs, a growth habit shared by many Zingiberaceae members.

Using this pattern plus a basic flora or field observation, a student can compare ginger's rhizome-sprouting habit to cryptophytes and assess whether its above-ground shoots form a pseudostem.

Gives formal definitions: 'Herb' = stem always green and tender, height not more than 1 m; 'Climbers' = herbaceous or woody plants that climb using twining, tendrils, aerial roots, etc.

A student can apply these definitions to Basella by checking if Basella has green/tender stems and a climbing habit (twining/tendrils) and typical height to judge if it fits 'herbaceous climber'.

Explains a common climbing mechanism (tendrils sensitive to touch) and gives pea as an example of a climbing herbaceous plant.

Compare Basella's climbing mechanism (whether it twines or uses tendrils) to the described mechanism to infer climber status.

Provides an example of a 'tall perennial herbaceous plant' (cardamom) showing textbook usage of 'herbaceous' for non-woody perennial crops.

Use this pattern to classify Basella as 'herbaceous' if it is non-woody and has green tender stems, as done for similar crop examples.

Lists 'herbs' and 'climbers' together as standard plant growth categories collected in botanical gardens, implying these are distinct, recognizable categories.

A student could consult botanical garden records or plant labels (or field guides) for Basella to see which category it is placed in.

Notes that lianas/vines (climbers) are common in certain biomes and describes their general form (vines, cords between trees).

A student could use knowledge of Basella's typical growing environments (tropical/warm regions) to assess plausibility that it behaves as a vine/climber in such biomes.

Gives formal definitions distinguishing 'herb' (green, tender stem, ≤1 m) from 'shrub' (woody perennial stem, branching from base, up to ~6 m).

A student could compare Mentha stem texture, persistence and height from a field guide or herbarium specimen to see whether it matches 'herb' or 'shrub' characteristics.

Describes traits of an 'evergreen perennial shrub' (woody, persistent, withstands seasonal conditions, long-lived and pruned/harvested over years).

One could test if Mentha shows woody persistent stems and multi-year harvest behaviour (as this snippet implies for true shrubs) by consulting species descriptions or cultivation notes.

Notes the distinction between 'annuals or perennials' and shrubs in the context of survival strategies (implying different life-span/structural categories).

Use this lifecycle distinction to check whether Mentha is reported as an annual (one season) or a perennial (returns), which would bear on it being an 'annual shrub' or not.

Describes environments where shrubs (woody plants) predominate and contrasts them with grasses — reinforcing the idea that 'shrub' denotes woody, persistent growth form.

Compare Mentha's growth form against examples of shrub-dominated vegetation to judge whether mint fits the 'shrub' category or is more like non-woody ground-level vegetation.

Gives clear definitions distinguishing herbs, shrubs, and trees — shrub = a woody perennial, low stature, branching from base, not more than ~6 m.

A student could check whether papaya has a persistent woody stem, branches from the base, and typical height to see if it fits this shrub definition.

Describes papaya's ecology (tropical plant, elevation and temperature limits) which situates it among tropical crops but does not label its growth form.

Combine this with field photos or botanical descriptions (outside basic sources) to see whether papaya develops a persistent woody stem consistent with shrub definition.

States that agroforestry systems normally include at least one woody perennial — highlights the importance of identifying 'woody perennial' as a category.

Use this rule to ask whether papaya is considered a woody perennial in agroforestry texts or practice, which would support or refute shrub classification.

Provides an example description of an 'evergreen perennial shrub' with climatic and morphological expectations for shrubs in tropical/subtropical zones.

Compare papaya's year‑round growth and harvesting pattern and morphology against this example to judge similarity to shrubs.

Distinguishes tall woody trees (teak, sal) from shrubs in forest descriptions, illustrating the tree vs shrub contrast in vegetation classification.

A student could use such vegetation tables plus a basic botanical source to see whether papaya is treated alongside trees or understory shrubs.