UPSC Mains 2025 GS4 Q9 — Ethical teachings
What are the major teachings of Mahavir? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world. (Answer in 150 words)
Question Decoded — examiner's intent
- Directive verbs
- WhatExplain
- Scope keywords
- major teachings of Mahavirrelevancecontemporary world
- Implicit sub-parts
- Definition and classification of the Pancha Mahavrata (Five Great Vows) and Triratna.
- The philosophical underpinnings of Anekantavada (pluralism) and Syadvada (relativity of truth).
- Application of these principles to modern global crises like climate change, intolerance, and consumerism.
- Common pitfalls
- Treating it as a GS Paper 1 History question by focusing on Mahavir's biography or dates rather than the ethical/moral philosophy required for GS Paper 4.
- Failing to link 'Aparigraha' (non-attachment) specifically to modern environmental sustainability or wealth inequality.
- Generic explanation of 'Ahimsa' without mentioning its broader application to mental violence (hatred) and ecological sensitivity.
- Neglecting the concept of 'Anekantavada' as a tool for resolving modern geopolitical conflicts and social polarization.
- Dimensions required
- Ethical/MoralEnvironmentalSocio-PoliticalEconomicInterpersonal
- Marks allocation hint
Allocate approximately 60-70 words to concisely list the core teachings (Pancha Mahavrata and Anekantavada). Devote the remaining 80-90 words to 3-4 distinct 'relevance' points, linking specific teachings to contemporary issues like the climate crisis, global conflict, and mental well-being to maximize the GS4 value.
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