The correct answer is option 1, Mahmud of Ghazni. Alberuni, a Persian scholar and polymath, came to India in the 11th century with Mahmud of Ghazni. Mahmud of Ghazni was a powerful ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, which was centered in present-day Afghanistan and ruled over parts of the Indian subcontinent. Mahmud of Ghazni conducted several military campaigns in India, with the primary objective of plundering wealth and establishing his authority. Alberuni accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni as a historian, chronicler, and translator, documenting various aspects of Indian society, culture, and science. Alberuni`s work, known as the "Kitab al-Hind" or "The Book of India," provides valuable insights into Indian history and civilization during that period.