Consider the following plants: 1. Bougainvillea 2. Carnations 3. Cocoa 4. Grapes Which of these plants are propagated by stem cuttings?

The correct answer is Option 4 (1, 2, 3, and 4) because all four plants listed are commonly and commercially propagated through stem cuttings, a form of asexual reproduction.

• Bougainvillea: Semi-hardwood cuttings are the standard method for multiplying this ornamental shrub to ensure the clone remains true to the parent.
• Carnations: These are widely propagated using terminal cuttings (softwood) to maintain floral quality and uniform growth in horticulture.
• Cocoa: While seeds are used, vegetative propagation via stem cuttings or "chupons" is a preferred technique to replicate high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties.
• Grapes: Hardwood cuttings are the most traditional and economical method for establishing vineyards, as they root easily and preserve the specific grape variety.

Since all four plants utilize stem cuttings as a viable and frequent method of propagation, Option 4 is the most comprehensive and accurate choice.