The correct answer is option 4, Lord Cornwallis. The Permanent Settlement was introduced in India by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. It was a system of revenue collection that aimed to stabilize the revenue of the British East India Company. Under this system, the revenue was fixed for a period of time, usually 10 years, based on the assessment of the productive capacity of the land. The landlords, known as zamindars, were made responsible for collecting the revenue from the peasants and paying it to the company. However, the system had several flaws and disadvantages. The fixed revenue led to an increase in the burden on the peasants, as any increase in productivity did not result in a decrease in the revenue. It also resulted in the emergence of absentee landlords who exploited the peasants and caused rural unrest.