Statement I : Kali age reflects the presence of deep social crisis characterized by varnasankara i.e., intermixture of vamas or social orders. Statement II : The vaisyas and sudras (peasants, artisans and labourers) either refused to perform producing functions or pay taxes or supply necessary labour for economic production resulting in weakening of Brahminical social order and social tension.

Statement I is true as the Kali age is traditionally characterized by 'varnasankara', which refers to the intermixture of social orders and the breakdown of the rigid varna hierarchy [1]. This period is described in historical and scriptural contexts as a time of deep social crisis where the traditional duties of each class were neglected. Statement II provides the correct explanation for this crisis; it highlights that the Vaisyas and Sudras, who were the primary producers, refused to perform their allotted functions, pay taxes, or provide labor. This defiance directly challenged the Brahminical social order, leading to social tension and the perceived 'crisis' of the Kali age. Historians like R.S. Sharma interpret this as a transition period where the refusal of the lower varnas to support the higher classes necessitated a shift in the socio-economic structure.

Sources

1. [1] https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44141938.pdf