Option 1: Southern Oscillations - This phenomenon is not directly associated with global warming. Southern Oscillations, also known as the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), refers to the changes in atmospheric pressure between the eastern and western Pacific Ocean. It is related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle but is not specifically linked to global warming.

Option 2: El Niño - This phenomenon is indeed associated with global warming. El Niño refers to the warming of the ocean surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific. It affects weather patterns worldwide and can result in heavy rainfall, droughts, and other extreme weather events in different regions.

Option 3: La Niña - La Niña is the opposite phase of El Niño and is also associated with global warming. It involves cooler-than-normal ocean surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, leading to different weather patterns and climate effects.

Option 4: El Niño Modoki - This is a specific type of El Niño that occurs when warming is concentrated in the central Pacific rather than the eastern Pacific. Although it has similar effects as regular El Niño, it is not as well-studied and not directly linked to global warming.

So, the correct