Option 1 states that the Pallavas and Chalukyas fought for the Tungabhadra Doab. The Pallavas were a South Indian dynasty while the Chalukyas were another powerful dynasty that ruled in western and southern India. This option implies that both these dynasties were involved in the conflict for Tungabhadra Doab.

Option 2 states that the Cholas and later Chalukyas of Kalyana fought for the Tungabhadra Doab. The Cholas were a prominent dynasty in South India, known for their naval power and territorial expansion. The Chalukyas of Kalyana were a branch of the Chalukya dynasty who ruled in the Deccan region. This option suggests that both these dynasties were also involved in the conflict for Tungabhadra Doab.

Option 3 states that the Golconda and Ahmadnagar Sultanates did not fight for the Tungabhadra Doab. The Golconda Sultanate was a medieval Islamic kingdom located in Southern India, known for its diamond trade and military strength. The Ahmadnagar Sultanate was another Islamic kingdom that emerged in the Deccan region. Therefore, this option correctly identifies the powers that did