Which of the following statements regarding Mediterranean and Monsoon climate is / are correct ? 1. Precipitation in Mediterranean climate is in winter while in Monsoon climate it is mostly in summer 2. The annual range of temperature in Mediterranean climate is higher than the Monsoon climate 3. Rainy and dry seasons are found in both the climates Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Statement 1 is correct as Mediterranean climates are characterized by winter precipitation brought by on-shore Westerlies, while Monsoon climates receive most rainfall in summer due to seasonal wind reversals [3]. Statement 3 is also correct because both climates exhibit distinct wet and dry seasons; the Monsoon climate has a clear dry winter/wet summer cycle, while the Mediterranean climate has a dry summer/wet winter cycle [3]. Statement 2 is incorrect because the annual range of temperature is generally higher in Monsoon climates compared to Mediterranean climates. Mediterranean regions, being coastal and influenced by maritime air masses, experience moderated temperatures [2]. In contrast, Monsoon regions often experience higher temperature ranges due to their tropical/sub-tropical positioning and the intense heat preceding the rainy season [1]. Therefore, only statements 1 and 3 are correct.

Sources

1. [1] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am: A – Tropical, m – monsoon) > p. 429
2. [2] Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 19: The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climate > Climate > p. 182
3. [3] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification > p. 422