Which one of the following is not a member of Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) grouping ?

The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is a subregional economic cooperation program established in 1992 with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) [t2, t9]. The grouping consists of six countries that share the Mekong River basin: Cambodia, the People's Republic of China (specifically Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam [t1, t5, t8]. Malaysia is not a member of the GMS, although it is a founding member of ASEAN alongside Thailand [c2]. While Malaysia is sometimes included in broader ecological regions like the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot [c1] or listed as a Tiger Range Country [c5], it does not participate in the GMS framework. The GMS focuses on enhancing economic relations through priority sectors such as transport, energy, and telecommunications to improve regional connectivity [t2, t8].

Sources

1. [1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1049007804001253
2. [2] https://www.mfaic.gov.kh/Page/2021-02-08-Mekong-Cooperation-Framework
3. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion
4. [4] https://aric.adb.org/initiative/greater-mekong-subregion-program
5. [5] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 15: Protected Area Network > a. lndo-Burma Region: > p. 223
6. [6] Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Contemporary Centres of Power > 20 Contemporary World Politics > p. 20
7. [7] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 16: Conservation Efforts > Asian Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation, ' r > p. 231