The Yom Kippur War was fought between Option 3: Israel and Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria.
The Yom Kippur War, also known as the October War or the Ramadan War, took place from October 6 to 25, 1973. It was a conflict between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria. The war was primarily fought over the disputed territories of the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, which had been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War in 1967.
Egypt and Syria, with the support of other Arab countries, launched a surprise attack on Israel on October 6, 1973, which coincided with the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur. This element of surprise initially caught Israel off guard and led to significant territorial gains by the Arab forces in the early days of the war.
Egypt, under the leadership of President Anwar Sadat, aimed to regain control of the Sinai Peninsula, which had strategic and symbolic importance for the Arab world. Syria sought to reclaim the Golan Heights, which it had lost to Israel in the previous war. The Arab coalition, which also included forces from other Arab nations such as Iraq, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia, intended to diminish Israel`s military superiority and force it to make concessions for peace negotiations.
Israel, led by Prime Minister Golda Meir and Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, quickly mobilized its military and launched a counteroffensive. Despite initial setbacks, Israel managed to repel the Arab forces and eventually gained the upper hand. With the support of the United States, which provided significant military aid, Israel launched a successful counterattack into both Egypt and Syria, pushing the Arab forces back and reclaiming lost territories.
The Yom Kippur War resulted in heavy casualties on both sides and had significant political and military implications for the region. It led to a reassessment of Israel`s security strategy, a shift in the balance of power, and subsequent peace negotiations between Israel and Egypt, culminating in the signing of the Camp David Accords in 1978.
Therefore, based on historical facts and events, the correct answer to the question is Option 3: Israel and Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria.