Consider the following pairs : Medieval Indian State Present Region 1. Champaka : Central India 2. Durgara : Jammu 3. Kuluta : Malabar Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explains that after the Gupta decline North India fragmented into regional states and names regions such as Malwa (modern central India) as distinct political units.

A student could check whether Champaka appears in lists or maps of these regional states (e.g., Malwa/Ujjayini area) to see if it corresponds to central India.

Lists major historical political/administrative centres including Ujjayini, a known central-India (Malwa) centre used in ancient inscriptions.

Compare Champaka’s attested neighbours or administrative links with named centres like Ujjayini to infer if it lay in central India.

Describes clear geographical/political division between southern Tamil kingdoms and other regions, showing medieval states were regionally bounded.

Use this pattern to rule out a central-India location if Champaka is repeatedly associated with southern polities (Cholas/Pandyas/Cheras) in sources.

Gives an example of how medieval polities (e.g., Cholas) expanded but remained regionally identified (coastal/southern), illustrating that medieval state names typically map to modern regions.

A student can map reported territorial extent of any reference to Champaka against modern Indian regions to test a central-India claim.

Provides general geographic framing of the Indian landmass and named peninsular regions, useful when locating historical polities relative to modern geography.

Combine this geographic framework with any historical coordinates or descriptions of Champaka’s neighbours to judge if it falls in central India.

This snippet defines the Jammu region as the southern part of the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir and notes its distinct demographic and political identity (Dogra Rajputs, city of Jammu).

A student could use this definition plus a historical-place-name map to check whether sources for Durgara place it within the southern/Jammu area of the old princely state.

States that Jammu & Kashmir was a large princely State with internally distinct regions and that its territorial identity has been important politically.

Use the known territorial extent of the princely State of J&K as a bounding area when locating medieval polities named in historical records (e.g., see if Durgara falls within those bounds on a map).

Explains regional identity (Kashmiriyat) and that people identified as Kashmiris above all, implying historical distinctions between valley Kashmir and other regions like Jammu.

A student could check medieval references to Durgara to see whether sources associate it with Jammu-specific identity or with Kashmir valley identity, helping to place it in the Jammu region or elsewhere.

Describes the post-Gupta fragmentation into many small regional/warrior kingdoms in North India, showing it was common for small medieval states to exist in defined subregions.

One can reasonably infer that a named medieval polity like Durgara might correspond to one of these regional kingdoms; combining this with a map of medieval North Indian polities could help test whether Durgara aligns with Jammu.

Gives modern administrative boundaries (reorganisation of J&K into union territories), clarifying what 'present-day Jammu region' refers to in contemporary terms.

A student can use these current boundaries as the modern reference frame to map any historical localities attributed to Durgara and see if they fall inside present-day Jammu.

Mentions 'Malaimandalam, the Kerala territory' as a named region in South Indian polities — shows medieval sources use specific regional names for Kerala/Malabar areas.

A student could compare the name 'Kuluta' with known medieval place-name lists for Malaimandalam/Malabar or map the extents described to see if Kuluta fits within that Kerala territory.

Describes Chera control over central and northern Kerala and identifies important ports on the west coast — establishes that medieval political units and capitals existed in the Malabar region.

One could check whether 'Kuluta' appears in lists of west-coast ports, Chera subordinate polities, or in place-name identifications for northern/central Kerala.

States the Kerala region was under Chera Perumals (6th–9th century) but has limited records until the 9th century — indicates gaps in documentation for Kerala-era polities.

Given the documentary gaps, a student might look for later medieval references or external (Arabic, Tamil, or inscriptional) sources that could record a name like 'Kuluta' in the Malabar area.

Defines 'Tamilakam' as including parts of present-day Kerala — shows that medieval political geography crossed modern state boundaries, so a polity described in Tamil sources could be located in modern Kerala.

A student can use maps of 'Tamilakam' and compare probable locations of named medieval states (like Kuluta) across modern Kerala/Tamil Nadu boundaries.

Notes the Carnatic region includes north-eastern Kerala — demonstrates medieval/regional labels sometimes overlap with parts of Kerala, cautioning that a polity named in one regional source might lie in modern Malabar or adjacent areas.

Using this overlap, one could cross-reference occurrences of 'Kuluta' in sources describing Carnatic, Chera, or coastal west‑India to narrow its likely modern location.