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Q100 (IAS/2020) International Relations & Global Affairs › Global Indices, Reports & Agreements › Global declarations overview Official Key

Consider the following pairs : International agreement / set-up Subject 1. Alma-Ata Declaration Healthcare of the people 2. Hague Convention Biological and chemical weapons 3. Talanoa Dialogue Global climate change 4. Under2 Coalition - Child rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched ?

Explanation

The correct answer is Option 3 (1 and 3 only) based on the following analysis of international agreements:

  • Pair 1 is correctly matched: The Alma-Ata Declaration (1978) was a landmark intergovernmental statement that identified primary healthcare as the key to attaining the goal of "Health for All" around the globe.
  • Pair 3 is correctly matched: The Talanoa Dialogue was launched at COP23 (2017) under the UN Climate Change process. It is a facilitative dialogue designed to help countries implement and enhance their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by 2020 to combat global climate change.
  • Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: The Hague Convention primarily deals with the protection of cultural property during armed conflict or international legal aspects like inter-country adoption and child abduction, not biological and chemical weapons (which are covered by the BWC and CWC).
  • Pair 4 is incorrectly matched: The Under2 Coalition is a memorandum of understanding between subnational governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, not child rights.

Thus, only pairs 1 and 3 are accurate.

PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full view
Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following pairs : International agreement / set-up Subject 1. Alma-Ata Declaration Healthcare of the people 2. Hague Conve…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 2.5/10 · 5/10

This question is a classic 'Theme Swap' trap. UPSC takes static GK (Alma-Ata), standard environment book content (Talanoa), and current news (Under2), then swaps their objectives. The key was recognizing that 'Under2' refers to the 2°C climate goal, not children, and that Hague is primarily about Civil Law/War, not WMDs.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
International agreement/set-up Alma-Ata Declaration: Is this declaration concerned with primary healthcare and the healthcare of the people ("Health for All")?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Bangladesh was one of the countries who signed the “Alma-Ata Declaration” in 1978 with a pledge to ensure “Health for All” (HFA) by 2000 through Primary Health Care."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states a country signed the Alma-Ata Declaration in 1978.
  • Directly links the Declaration to a pledge to ensure "Health for All" by 2000.
  • Specifies that this pledge was to be achieved through Primary Health Care.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Article II, Alma-Ata Declaration, Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, 6-12 September 1978, in: World Health Organization, “Health for All” Series, No. 1, WHO, Geneva, 1978."
Why this source?
  • Identifies the Alma-Ata Declaration as the Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care.
  • Connects the Declaration to the WHO "Health for All" series, tying it to the Health for All goal.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"these rights were also highlighted by international confer-ences, such as Health for All in Alma-Ata in 1978 and Education for All in Jomtien in 1990."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly references 'Health for All in Alma-Ata in 1978', linking the conference to the Health for All concept.
  • Situates Alma-Ata among major international conferences emphasizing health as a universal goal.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > The Changwon Declaration on human wellbeing and wetlands > p. 398
Strength: 4/5
“r The Changwon Declaration highlights positive action for ensuring human well-being and security in the future under the themes - water, climate change, people's livelihood and health, land use change, and biodiversity.”
Why relevant

This snippet shows that international declarations (e.g., Changwon) explicitly link declarations to human wellbeing and health as core themes.

How to extend

A student could infer that similar international declarations (like Alma‑Ata) may likewise focus on health and so check the Alma‑Ata text for explicit 'health for all' language.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > Kunming,Declaration > p. 396
Strength: 3/5
“The Kunming Declaration was adopted by over 100 countries on October X, 2020, at the first part of the virtual COP15 meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UN CBD). • This declaration asks the parties to prioritize biodiversity protection in terms of decision-making and recognizing the importance of conservation in protecting human health. The adoption of this declaration aims to create momentum for a new global biodiversity pact.”
Why relevant

The Kunming Declaration example demonstrates that multilateral declarations can prioritize biodiversity in terms of protecting human health, illustrating a pattern where declarations state specific health-related goals.

How to extend

Using this pattern, a student could reasonably look for goal-oriented phrasing (e.g., 'health for all') in Alma‑Ata to confirm whether it concerns population health and primary care.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 7: Factors of Production > THINK ABOUT IT > p. 168
Strength: 4/5
“How do infrastructure and healthcare systems like hospitals, primary healthcare centres, doctors, pharmacies, diagnostic labs, etc., contribute to developing human capital?”
Why relevant

This classroom snippet lists primary healthcare centres, doctors, and related infrastructure as key contributors to human capital, defining 'primary healthcare' as a recognizable concept in education materials.

How to extend

A student can use this standard notion of primary healthcare to interpret Alma‑Ata: if Alma‑Ata emphasizes primary healthcare infrastructure, it likely aligns with 'health for all' aims.

Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: People as Resource > Health > p. 23
Strength: 4/5
“Firm maximise profit: Do you think any firm would be induced to employ people who might not work efficiently as healthy workers because of ill health? The health of a person helps him to realise his/her potential and the ability to fight illness. He/She will not be able to maximise his/her output to the overall growth of the organisation. Indeed; health is an indispensable basis for realising one's well-being. Henceforth, improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of the country. Our national policy, too, aims at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and nutritional service with a special focus on the underprivileged segment of the population.”
Why relevant

National policy described here aims at improving accessibility of healthcare and primary healthcare/services for underprivileged groups, reflecting the typical objectives associated with 'Health for All'.

How to extend

Given that 'Health for All' involves accessibility and primary services, a student could check whether Alma‑Ata prescribes similar accessibility and primary care measures to judge the statement.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Protocol > p. 427
Strength: 3/5
“• An international agreement linked to an existing convention, but as a separate and additional agreement which must be signed and ratified by the parties to the convention concerned. • Protocols typically strengthen a convention by adding new, more detailed commitments.”
Why relevant

This snippet defines what international protocols/declarations do—strengthening commitments and adding detailed obligations—showing that declarations often set programmatic goals.

How to extend

Knowing declarations commonly set specific commitments, a student could look for Alma‑Ata language that establishes primary healthcare commitments to infer its concern with 'Health for All'.

Statement 2
International agreement/set-up Hague Convention: Is the Hague Convention an international agreement dealing with biological and chemical weapons?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and"
Why this source?
  • The passage explicitly names the 'Hague Convention on Protection of Children', indicating the Hague Convention in this context concerns child protection.
  • If the Hague Convention referenced is about protection of children, it is not an agreement dealing with biological or chemical weapons.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"treaty, covenant and convention refer to legally binding agreements between states."
Why this source?
  • This passage defines 'treaty, covenant and convention' as 'legally binding agreements between states', establishing that a 'Hague Convention' is an international agreement.
  • Combining this with the child-protection wording shows the Hague Convention is an international legal instrument on children, not on biological/chemical weapons.

Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World > Security in the Contemporary World 69 > p. 69
Strength: 5/5
“Traditional views of security do not rule out other forms of cooperation as well. The most important of these are disarmament, arms control, and confidence building. Disarmament requires all states to give up certain kinds of weapons. For example, the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) banned the production and possession of these weapons. More than 155 states acceded to the BWC and 193 states acceded to the CWC. Both conventions included all the great powers. But the superpowers — the US and Soviet Union — did not want to give up the third type of weapons of mass destruction, namely, nuclear weapons, so they pursued arms control.”
Why relevant

Gives concrete examples of named international conventions that specifically address biological and chemical weapons (the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention).

How to extend

A student could use this pattern (check the formal names of conventions that govern B/C weapons) to see whether a 'Hague Convention' appears among those names or is separate.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Protocol > p. 427
Strength: 3/5
“• An international agreement linked to an existing convention, but as a separate and additional agreement which must be signed and ratified by the parties to the convention concerned. • Protocols typically strengthen a convention by adding new, more detailed commitments.”
Why relevant

Explains the general pattern that international 'protocols' are additional agreements linked to existing conventions, showing how arms/weapon-related rules are organized into named treaties and protocols.

How to extend

A student can apply this rule to look for whether B/C weapon controls are enacted as standalone conventions or as protocols attached to another convention (and whether 'Hague' appears as either).

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 5: Biodiversity and Legislations > rottErdam convEntIon. > p. 10
Strength: 4/5
“Tis Convention was signed on 10th September, 1998 at Rotterdam. It is a multilateral treaty on Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International trade. Te Convention promotes open exchange of information and calls on exporters of hazardous chemicals to use proper labelling and directions on safe handling and inform purchasers of any known restrictions or bans. Tere are 73 signatories of this convention.”
Why relevant

Shows that multilateral treaties can be titled for specific hazards (here, Rotterdam Convention for hazardous chemicals and pesticides), illustrating that chemical controls are usually in clearly named agreements.

How to extend

A student could compare treaty names (e.g., 'Chemical Weapons Convention' vs. 'Hague Convention') to judge which treaty likely covers chemical hazards.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > Annex III Chemicals > p. 407
Strength: 3/5
“1 • The chemicals listed in Annex III include pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by two or more Parties, and which the Conference of the Parties has decided to subject to the PIC procedure. • There are a total of 43 chemicals listed in Annex III; 32 are pesticides (including 4 severely hazardous pesticide formulations) and 11 are industrial chemicals. One notification from each of two specified regions triggers consideration of addition of a chemical to .dnnex III of the Convention. Severely hazardous pesticide formulations that present a risk under conditions of use in developing countries or countries with economies in transition may also be proposed for inclusion in Annex III'”
Why relevant

Describes how conventions list and regulate chemicals (Annexes, PIC procedure), indicating that chemical control is typically handled by specialized treaty instruments with annexes and procedures.

How to extend

A student could expect a treaty dealing with chemical weapons to have specific annexes/procedures and then check whether the 'Hague Convention' contains such chemical/weapon-specific provisions.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.6. CITES > p. 398
Strength: 3/5
“r In the gallery, global discussion hegan focusing on the rate at which the world's wild animals and plants were being threatened by unregulated international trade. • The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between governments entered into force in 1975, and became the only treaty to ensure that international trade in plants and animals does not threaten their survival in the wild. • Currently 176 countries are Parties to CITES. • CITES is administered through the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)”
Why relevant

States that a 'Convention' (CITES) is an international agreement between governments with a clear subject matter, reinforcing the idea that treaty names reflect their domain.

How to extend

A student can infer that the subject in a convention's title usually indicates its remit and therefore check whether 'Hague Convention' title/description corresponds to biological/chemical weapons or another domain.

Statement 3
International agreement/set-up Talanoa Dialogue: Is the Talanoa Dialogue an international UNFCCC process addressing global climate change?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 24: Climate Change Organizations > 2At7 > p. 323
Presence: 5/5
“The United Nations Climate Change Conference COP 15 is the first COP presided over by a small island developing state, Fiji. In COP 23, nations agreed the next steps towards higher climate action ambition before zozo. Delegates launched the'Talanoa Dialogue' to help set the stage for revising upwards of national climate action plans needed to put the world on track to meet prezozo ambition and the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. One Planet Summit held in Paris resulted in Finance Commitments. Financial flows are crucial for countries' national climate action plans under the Paris Agreement.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names the 'Talanoa Dialogue' as launched by delegates at COP23 to set the stage for revising national climate action plans.
  • Links the Dialogue's purpose to raising ambition and meeting the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement, i.e., global climate action.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 24: Climate Change Organizations > 24.1. UNFCCC > p. 321
Presence: 4/5
“• o UN Summit Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 adopted, by consensus, the first multilateral legal instrument on Climate Change, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change or the UNFCCC. • In 1992, countries joined UNFCCC to cooperatively consider what they could do to limit average global temperature increases and the resulting climate change, and to cope with whatever impacts were, by then, inevitable.”
Why this source?
  • Defines the UNFCCC as the multilateral framework under which COPs operate to address global temperature increases and climate impacts.
  • Provides institutional context showing that COP-launched initiatives (like the Talanoa Dialogue at COP23) are part of the UNFCCC process.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 24: Climate Change Organizations > riii's COP > p. 334
Presence: 3/5
“Fiji is the first small-island state to host the UNFCCC climate talks. The outcomes were the • r Gender Action Plan highlights the role of women in climate action and promotes gender equality in the process. • r Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform - aims to support the exchange of experience and sharing of best practices on mitigation and adaptation. . Ocean Pathway Partnership two-track strategy for supporting the goals of the Paris Agreement that includes; r. Increasing the role of the ocean considerations in the UNFCCC process and; z”
Why this source?
  • Identifies COP23 as UNFCCC climate talks hosted by Fiji, demonstrating the COP forum where international processes and outcomes are created.
  • Shows that COP outcomes include mechanisms and platforms focused on mitigation/adaptation, consistent with how the Talanoa Dialogue functions.
Statement 4
International agreement/set-up Under2 Coalition: Is the Under2 Coalition an international coalition concerned with child rights?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 84: Coalition Government > MEANING > p. 593
Strength: 4/5
“Two or more parties, who have enough elected members between them to form a majority, may then be able to agree on a common program that does not require too many drastic compromises with their individual policies, and can proceed to form a government. Coalition d.enotes a co-operative" arrangement under which distinct political parties, or at all events members of such parties, unite . .. to form a government or mInistry. Coalition is a direct descendant of the exigencies of multi-party system in a democratic A set-up. It is a phenomenon of a multi-party government where a number of minority parties join hands for the purpose of running the government.”
Why relevant

Gives a general definition of 'coalition' as a cooperative arrangement where distinct parties join for a common purpose.

How to extend

A student could use this rule to ask whether Under2's membership composition (states, regions, NGOs) and stated common purpose match the coalition pattern.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > 28.9. COALITION AGAINST WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING (CAWT) > p. 401
Strength: 4/5
“• The Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) aims to focus public and political attention and resources on ending the illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products. • Initiated in 2005, CAWT is a unique voluntary public-private coalition of like-minded governments and organizations sharing a common purpose.”
Why relevant

Provides a concrete example (Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking) of an international voluntary public–private coalition formed to address a specific issue.

How to extend

Compare Under2's founding statement and goals to CAWT's model to see if Under2 similarly targets child rights or a different issue.

Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: International Organisations > Human Rights Watch > p. 60
Strength: 4/5
“Human Rights Watch is another international NGO involved in research and advocacy on human rights. It is the largest international human rights organisation in the US. It draws the global media's attention to human rights abuses. It helped in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers and to establish the International Criminal Court. does provide a space within which arguments against specific US attitudes and policies are heard and compromises and concessions can be shaped. The UN is an imperfect body, but without it the world would be worse off. Given the growing connections and links between societies and issues—what we often call 'interdependence'—it is hard to imagine how more than seven billion people would live together without an organisation such as the UN.”
Why relevant

Notes that international NGOs (Human Rights Watch) build coalitions around specific human-rights issues, including campaigns to stop use of child soldiers.

How to extend

Use this pattern to check whether Under2's documented campaigns or partners focus on child-rights issues (like child soldiers) or other policy areas.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 60: National Commission for Protection of Child Rights > ESTABLISHMENT > p. 484
Strength: 3/5
“t ESTABLISHMENT The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights is a statutory (and not a constitutional) body. It was set up in 2007 under a legislation enacted by the Parliament, namely the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005. The Commission has to protect, promote and defend child Tights in the country. Under the Act, the 'child rights' includes the children's rights adopted in the United Nations Convention on the Rights ofthe Child on 20 November 1989 and ratified by tbe Government oflndia on 11 December 1992. Under this Convention , a child has been defined as a human being below the age of eighteen years.”
Why relevant

Defines 'child rights' via the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and what such rights encompass.

How to extend

A student can compare Under2's stated objectives against the CRC definition to see if Under2's goals align with protecting/promoting such child rights.

Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: International Organisations > Why International Organisations? > p. 46
Strength: 3/5
“These two quotes suggest s o m e t h i n g i m p o r t a n t . International organisations are not the answer to everything, but they are important. International organisations help with matters of war and peace. They also help countries cooperate to make better living conditions for us all. Countries have conflicts and differences with each other. That does not necessarily mean they must go to war to deal with their”
Why relevant

Explains that international organisations help countries cooperate on specific issues to improve living conditions, implying coalitions often have focused policy goals.

How to extend

Use this general principle to infer that Under2, if an international coalition, most likely has a clear policy focus which can be checked to determine if it's child-rights related.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves 'Anniversary Questions'. Alma-Ata (1978) was asked in 2020 because the Astana Declaration (2018) marked its 40th anniversary. Always check for 10, 25, 50, or 100-year anniversaries of major global declarations.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Manageable Mix. Talanoa was in Shankar IAS (Environment). Alma-Ata is foundational Public Health (often in current affairs due to its 40th anniversary/Astana Declaration). Under2 was major climate news.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: International Declarations & Conventions. Specifically, the intersection of Health, Environment, and Global Security.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize these siblings: Astana Declaration (2018, Health), Geneva Protocol (1925, Asphyxiating Gas), BWC & CWC (Bio/Chem Weapons), Basel/Rotterdam/Stockholm (Waste/Chemicals), and the Sendai Framework (Disaster Risk).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not study treaties in isolation. Create a 'Confusion Matrix': List treaties that sound similar or cover overlapping themes (e.g., Vienna Convention for Ozone vs. Vienna Convention for Diplomatic Relations). Verify the *exact* mandate of famous cities (Hague = Law/Child Abduction; Geneva = War/Humanitarian).
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Primary healthcare (PHC) infrastructure
💡 The insight

Primary healthcare comprises the first-contact services such as primary healthcare centres, doctors, pharmacies and basic diagnostic facilities.

High-yield for UPSC because questions often probe public health delivery, service-accessibility and human capital. Mastering PHC helps answer scheme-design, rural health systems and infrastructure-strengthening questions and links to welfare and development topics.

📚 Reading List :
  • Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 7: Factors of Production > THINK ABOUT IT > p. 168
  • Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: People as Resource > Health > p. 23
🔗 Anchor: "International agreement/set-up Alma-Ata Declaration: Is this declaration concern..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Health policy and 'Health for All' objectives
💡 The insight

National health policies prioritise improving accessibility of healthcare and population health through programmes and structural reforms, reflecting 'Health for All' aims.

Important for UPSC essays and prelims/mains on health governance and reforms; connects national policy, flagship programmes and sanitation/ preventive measures. Knowing this concept enables evaluation of policy success and comparative questions on public vs private role.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Health Policy > p. 781
  • Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: People as Resource > Health > p. 23
🔗 Anchor: "International agreement/set-up Alma-Ata Declaration: Is this declaration concern..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Types of international instruments: declarations vs protocols
💡 The insight

Declarations are political commitments while protocols add specific, often binding, commitments to existing conventions.

Crucial for UPSC topics on international relations and global governance; helps distinguish legal force and policy implications of global agreements affecting health and environment, and supports analytic answers on international cooperation.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Reconstruction of Post-colonial India > Bandung Declaration > p. 111
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > The Changwon Declaration on human wellbeing and wetlands > p. 398
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Protocol > p. 427
🔗 Anchor: "International agreement/set-up Alma-Ata Declaration: Is this declaration concern..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Conventions vs Protocols
💡 The insight

Conventions are primary international treaties and protocols are supplementary agreements that add or strengthen obligations.

High-yield for UPSC because many environmental and security instruments are structured as a convention with later protocols; understanding this distinction helps classify treaties, trace treaty evolution, and answer questions on treaty obligations and ratification. Helps link topics in international law, environmental governance, and disarmament regimes.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Protocol > p. 427
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > Objective > p. 391
🔗 Anchor: "International agreement/set-up Hague Convention: Is the Hague Convention an inte..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 BWC and CWC as dedicated disarmament conventions
💡 The insight

Biological Weapons Convention (1972) and Chemical Weapons Convention (1997) are the established international treaties that ban biological and chemical weapons respectively.

Essential for UPSC security and international relations topics: these are the primary instruments for non‑proliferation of biological and chemical weapons, often asked in polity/international relations mains and prelims. Knowing their dates, scope, and state-party counts enables comparison with other arms-control measures and questions on global security architecture.

📚 Reading List :
  • Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World > Security in the Contemporary World 69 > p. 69
🔗 Anchor: "International agreement/set-up Hague Convention: Is the Hague Convention an inte..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Multilateral treaties on hazardous chemicals and trade controls
💡 The insight

Treaties like the Rotterdam Convention regulate trade in hazardous chemicals and pesticides and set procedures for labeling, information exchange, and prior informed consent.

Important for environment and international law segments of UPSC: understanding different chemical‑control regimes (trade controls, PIC procedures, annex listings) helps answer questions on chemical safety, international cooperation, and treaty mechanisms. Connects to public health, trade policy, and environmental governance questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 5: Biodiversity and Legislations > rottErdam convEntIon. > p. 10
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > Annex III Chemicals > p. 407
🔗 Anchor: "International agreement/set-up Hague Convention: Is the Hague Convention an inte..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Talanoa Dialogue as a COP-launched UNFCCC mechanism
💡 The insight

Talanoa Dialogue was launched at COP23 to raise ambition in national climate action plans toward Paris Agreement goals.

High-yield for UPSC because questions test knowledge of post-Paris UNFCCC processes and mechanisms; links COP decisions to implementation tools and diplomatic timelines. Mastering this enables answers on how international processes drive NDC revisions and climate diplomacy.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 24: Climate Change Organizations > 2At7 > p. 323
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 24: Climate Change Organizations > 24.1. UNFCCC > p. 321
🔗 Anchor: "International agreement/set-up Talanoa Dialogue: Is the Talanoa Dialogue an inte..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The Astana Declaration (2018). It is the modern successor to Alma-Ata, reaffirming primary healthcare. Since Alma-Ata was asked here, the next logical question is on the specific commitments of the Astana Declaration or the 'UHC Political Declaration' (Universal Health Coverage).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Name-Literal' Hack. 'Under2' implies a numeric threshold. In global policy, 'Under 2' is universally associated with the Paris Agreement's goal (keep warming under 2°C). 'Child rights' rarely uses such numeric branding. Similarly, 'Hague' is the capital of International Law (ICJ, Private Law), whereas WMD bans are usually explicit 'Conventions' (BWC, CWC).

🔗 Mains Connection

Paradiplomacy (Mains GS-2/GS-3). The 'Under2 Coalition' is a prime example of sub-national entities (states/cities) bypassing national gridlock to act on global issues (Climate Change). Use this as a case study for 'Federalism in International Relations'.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

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Consider the following pairs: 1. Asian Development Bank: Tokyo 2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation :Singapore 3. Association of South East Asian Nations :Bangkok Which of the above pairs is/are correct matchd?

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Consider the following pairs : I. International Year of the Woman Farmer : 2026 II. International Year of Sustainable and Resilient Tourism : 2027 III. International Year of Peace and Trust : 2025 IV. International Year of Asteroid Awareness and Planetary Defence : 2029 How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

IAS · 2016 · Q30 Relevance score: -3.98

Consider the following pairs : Terms sometimes seen in the news Their origin 1. Annex-I Countries : Cartagena Protocol 2. Certified Emissions Reductions : Nagoya Protocol 3. Clean Development Mechanism : Kyoto Protocol Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

IAS · 2016 · Q19 Relevance score: -4.74

Consider the following pairs : Community sometimes mentioned in the news 1. Kurd : Bangladesh 2. Madhesi : Nepal 3. Rohingya : Myanmar Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?