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Consider the following pairs : International agreement / set-up Subject 1. Alma-Ata Declaration Healthcare of the people 2. Hague Convention Biological and chemical weapons 3. Talanoa Dialogue Global climate change 4. Under2 Coalition - Child rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched ?
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 3 (1 and 3 only) based on the following analysis of international agreements:
- Pair 1 is correctly matched: The Alma-Ata Declaration (1978) was a landmark intergovernmental statement that identified primary healthcare as the key to attaining the goal of "Health for All" around the globe.
- Pair 3 is correctly matched: The Talanoa Dialogue was launched at COP23 (2017) under the UN Climate Change process. It is a facilitative dialogue designed to help countries implement and enhance their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by 2020 to combat global climate change.
- Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: The Hague Convention primarily deals with the protection of cultural property during armed conflict or international legal aspects like inter-country adoption and child abduction, not biological and chemical weapons (which are covered by the BWC and CWC).
- Pair 4 is incorrectly matched: The Under2 Coalition is a memorandum of understanding between subnational governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, not child rights.
Thus, only pairs 1 and 3 are accurate.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis question is a classic 'Theme Swap' trap. UPSC takes static GK (Alma-Ata), standard environment book content (Talanoa), and current news (Under2), then swaps their objectives. The key was recognizing that 'Under2' refers to the 2°C climate goal, not children, and that Hague is primarily about Civil Law/War, not WMDs.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Bangladesh was one of the countries who signed the âAlma-Ata Declarationâ in 1978 with a pledge to ensure âHealth for Allâ (HFA) by 2000 through Primary Health Care."
Why this source?
- Explicitly states a country signed the Alma-Ata Declaration in 1978.
- Directly links the Declaration to a pledge to ensure "Health for All" by 2000.
- Specifies that this pledge was to be achieved through Primary Health Care.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Article II, Alma-Ata Declaration, Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, 6-12 September 1978, in: World Health Organization, âHealth for Allâ Series, No. 1, WHO, Geneva, 1978."
Why this source?
- Identifies the Alma-Ata Declaration as the Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care.
- Connects the Declaration to the WHO "Health for All" series, tying it to the Health for All goal.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"these rights were also highlighted by international confer-ences, such as Health for All in Alma-Ata in 1978 and Education for All in Jomtien in 1990."
Why this source?
- Explicitly references 'Health for All in Alma-Ata in 1978', linking the conference to the Health for All concept.
- Situates Alma-Ata among major international conferences emphasizing health as a universal goal.
- Explicitly states a country signed the Alma-Ata Declaration in 1978.
- Directly links the Declaration to a pledge to ensure "Health for All" by 2000.
- Specifies that this pledge was to be achieved through Primary Health Care.
- Identifies the Alma-Ata Declaration as the Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care.
- Connects the Declaration to the WHO "Health for All" series, tying it to the Health for All goal.
- Explicitly references 'Health for All in Alma-Ata in 1978', linking the conference to the Health for All concept.
- Situates Alma-Ata among major international conferences emphasizing health as a universal goal.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > The Changwon Declaration on human wellbeing and wetlands > p. 398
Strength: 4/5
âr The Changwon Declaration highlights positive action for ensuring human well-being and security in the future under the themes - water, climate change, people's livelihood and health, land use change, and biodiversity.â
Why relevant
This snippet shows that international declarations (e.g., Changwon) explicitly link declarations to human wellbeing and health as core themes.
How to extend
A student could infer that similar international declarations (like AlmaâAta) may likewise focus on health and so check the AlmaâAta text for explicit 'health for all' language.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > Kunming,Declaration > p. 396
Strength: 3/5
âThe Kunming Declaration was adopted by over 100 countries on October X, 2020, at the first part of the virtual COP15 meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UN CBD). ⢠This declaration asks the parties to prioritize biodiversity protection in terms of decision-making and recognizing the importance of conservation in protecting human health. The adoption of this declaration aims to create momentum for a new global biodiversity pact.â
Why relevant
The Kunming Declaration example demonstrates that multilateral declarations can prioritize biodiversity in terms of protecting human health, illustrating a pattern where declarations state specific health-related goals.
How to extend
Using this pattern, a student could reasonably look for goal-oriented phrasing (e.g., 'health for all') in AlmaâAta to confirm whether it concerns population health and primary care.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 7: Factors of Production > THINK ABOUT IT > p. 168
Strength: 4/5
âHow do infrastructure and healthcare systems like hospitals, primary healthcare centres, doctors, pharmacies, diagnostic labs, etc., contribute to developing human capital?â
Why relevant
This classroom snippet lists primary healthcare centres, doctors, and related infrastructure as key contributors to human capital, defining 'primary healthcare' as a recognizable concept in education materials.
How to extend
A student can use this standard notion of primary healthcare to interpret AlmaâAta: if AlmaâAta emphasizes primary healthcare infrastructure, it likely aligns with 'health for all' aims.
Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: People as Resource > Health > p. 23
Strength: 4/5
âFirm maximise profit: Do you think any firm would be induced to employ people who might not work efficiently as healthy workers because of ill health? The health of a person helps him to realise his/her potential and the ability to fight illness. He/She will not be able to maximise his/her output to the overall growth of the organisation. Indeed; health is an indispensable basis for realising one's well-being. Henceforth, improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of the country. Our national policy, too, aims at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and nutritional service with a special focus on the underprivileged segment of the population.â
Why relevant
National policy described here aims at improving accessibility of healthcare and primary healthcare/services for underprivileged groups, reflecting the typical objectives associated with 'Health for All'.
How to extend
Given that 'Health for All' involves accessibility and primary services, a student could check whether AlmaâAta prescribes similar accessibility and primary care measures to judge the statement.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > Protocol > p. 427
Strength: 3/5
â⢠An international agreement linked to an existing convention, but as a separate and additional agreement which must be signed and ratified by the parties to the convention concerned.
⢠Protocols typically strengthen a convention by adding new, more detailed commitments.â
Why relevant
This snippet defines what international protocols/declarations doâstrengthening commitments and adding detailed obligationsâshowing that declarations often set programmatic goals.
How to extend
Knowing declarations commonly set specific commitments, a student could look for AlmaâAta language that establishes primary healthcare commitments to infer its concern with 'Health for All'.
This snippet shows that international declarations (e.g., Changwon) explicitly link declarations to human wellbeing and health as core themes.
A student could infer that similar international declarations (like AlmaâAta) may likewise focus on health and so check the AlmaâAta text for explicit 'health for all' language.
The Kunming Declaration example demonstrates that multilateral declarations can prioritize biodiversity in terms of protecting human health, illustrating a pattern where declarations state specific health-related goals.
Using this pattern, a student could reasonably look for goal-oriented phrasing (e.g., 'health for all') in AlmaâAta to confirm whether it concerns population health and primary care.
This classroom snippet lists primary healthcare centres, doctors, and related infrastructure as key contributors to human capital, defining 'primary healthcare' as a recognizable concept in education materials.
A student can use this standard notion of primary healthcare to interpret AlmaâAta: if AlmaâAta emphasizes primary healthcare infrastructure, it likely aligns with 'health for all' aims.
National policy described here aims at improving accessibility of healthcare and primary healthcare/services for underprivileged groups, reflecting the typical objectives associated with 'Health for All'.
Given that 'Health for All' involves accessibility and primary services, a student could check whether AlmaâAta prescribes similar accessibility and primary care measures to judge the statement.
This snippet defines what international protocols/declarations doâstrengthening commitments and adding detailed obligationsâshowing that declarations often set programmatic goals.
Knowing declarations commonly set specific commitments, a student could look for AlmaâAta language that establishes primary healthcare commitments to infer its concern with 'Health for All'.
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