UPSC Mains 2021 GS3 Q4 — Irrigation systems
How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India's water crisis ? (Answer in 150 words)
Question Decoded — examiner's intent
- Directive verbs
- Howto what extent
- Scope keywords
- micro-irrigationsolvingIndia's water crisis
- Implicit sub-parts
- Mechanisms of micro-irrigation that lead to water conservation (the 'How').
- Positive impact on agricultural water-use efficiency and groundwater recharge.
- Critical evaluation of limitations/bottlenecks preventing a complete solution (the 'To what extent').
- Policy linkages such as 'Per Drop More Crop' under PMKSY.
- Common pitfalls
- Listing general benefits of micro-irrigation (like fertilizer efficiency) without linking them specifically to the water crisis.
- Ignoring the 'to what extent' part by failing to mention challenges like high initial cost, clogging, or energy requirements.
- Failing to mention that India's agriculture consumes ~80-90% of freshwater, which is the context for the crisis.
- Omitting the 'Rebound Effect' where saved water is sometimes used to expand acreage rather than conserve the aquifer.
- Dimensions required
- Technological/OperationalEconomic/FinancialGeographical (Arid vs Semi-arid zones)Environmental/SustainabilityPolicy/Governance
- Marks allocation hint
Allocate 30-40 words to the 'How' by explaining drip/sprinkler efficiency. Spend the bulk (80 words) on 'To what extent' by balancing the immense potential in water-stressed regions against structural barriers like fragmented landholdings and power subsidies. Use the remaining 30 words for a forward-looking conclusion linking it to the Jal Shakti Abhiyan.
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