The correct answer is option 4, which states that the correct answer includes options 1, 2, and 3. Let`s explore each option to understand why they are correct.
Option 1: Parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is a type of reproduction in which an organism, usually a female, produces offspring without fertilization. In this process, the female`s egg develops into an embryo without the need for male gametes. Therefore, option 1 is correct.
Option 2: Apogamy. Apogamy is a type of reproduction in plants where an embryo develops directly from a somatic cell of the sporophyte without undergoing fertilization. This process bypasses the formation of a gametophyte, resulting in the development of an embryo without fertilization. Hence, option 2 is correct.
Option 3: Sporophytic budding. Sporophytic budding is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where a new sporophyte is formed from a bud that develops on the parent sporophyte. The bud grows into a new plant without the involvement of fertilization. Therefore, option 3 is also correct.
Hence, options 1, 2, and 3 are all correct, making option 4 the