Which cell organelles have their own DNA and Ribosomes ?

Mitochondria and plastids (specifically chloroplasts) are the two eukaryotic cell organelles that possess their own DNA and ribosomes. These organelles are considered semi-autonomous because their internal genetic material and protein-synthesizing machinery allow them to self-replicate and produce some of their own proteins independently of the nucleus. This unique characteristic is explained by the endosymbiotic theory, which suggests these organelles evolved from free-living prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. While mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells to facilitate cellular respiration, plastids like chloroplasts are primarily found in plant cells for photosynthesis. Other organelles such as the Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and vacuoles do not contain their own DNA or ribosomes.

Sources

1. [1] Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: The Invisible Living World: Beyond Our Naked Eye > A step further > p. 13