Which of the following cell organelles play the most significant role in protein synthesis ?

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Q: 123 (IAS/2001)
Which of the following cell organelles play the most significant role in protein synthesis ?

question_subject: 

Science

question_exam: 

IAS

stats: 

0,131,64,10,131,20,34

keywords: 

{'cell organelles': [0, 1, 2, 7], 'protein synthesis': [1, 0, 0, 1], 'endoplasmic reticulum': [2, 0, 0, 2], 'ribosome': [0, 0, 1, 0], 'lysosome': [3, 0, 3, 7], 'mitochondria': [2, 0, 1, 2], 'centrosome': [2, 0, 1, 0], 'golgi apparatus': [0, 0, 2, 2]}

The correct answer is:

Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosome

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ribosomes play the most significant roles in protein synthesis within a cell.

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules and sacs present in eukaryotic cells. It has two main regions: the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The RER is studded with ribosomes on its surface, giving it a rough appearance. These ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. Ribosomes are cellular structures composed of RNA and protein, and they serve as the site where amino acids are assembled into proteins based on the instructions carried by mRNA (messenger RNA).

During protein synthesis, ribosomes on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins based on the instructions provided by mRNA. The newly synthesized proteins are then processed, modified, and folded within the endoplasmic reticulum.

Therefore, the endoplasmic reticulum, particularly the rough endoplasmic reticulum with its associated ribosomes, plays a crucial role in protein synthesis within the cell. The other organelles mentioned (lysosome, centrosome, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria) are not directly involved in the primary process of protein synthesis.