Which one of the following processes is not a part of long-wave radiation?

Long-wave radiation, also known as terrestrial radiation, refers to the infrared energy emitted by the Earth's surface after it has been heated by the sun [5]. This energy is absorbed by atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor, which then reradiate it, contributing to the greenhouse effect [2]. Heat transfer in the atmosphere occurs through radiation, conduction, and convection. Conduction involves heat transfer through direct molecular contact, while convection involves the vertical movement of air. In contrast, scattering is a process primarily associated with short-wave solar radiation [4]. Small particles in the troposphere scatter the visible spectrum of incoming sunlight, which creates the blue color of the sky and the red hues of sunsets [4]. While aerosols can influence long-wave radiation, scattering is fundamentally defined as a mechanism affecting the visible (short-wave) spectrum [4].

Sources

1. [1] FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature > Terrestrial Radiation > p. 69
2. [5] Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 21: Horizontal Distribution of Temperature > 21.5. Heat Budget > p. 293
3. [2] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming > p. 7
4. [4] FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature > The Passage of Solar Radiation through the Atmosphere > p. 68